Russian Journal of OncologyRussian Journal of OncologyРоссийский онкологический журнал1028-99842412-9119Eco-Vector4008710.17816/onco40087ArticlesСтатьиReview ArticleDIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT OF PATIENTS WITH METASTATIC SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA OF THE CERVICAL LYMPH NODES WITHOUT A PRIMARY FOCUS BEING DETECTEDДиагностика и лечение больных с метастазами плоскоклеточного рака в лимфатические узлы шеи без выявленного первичного очагаSaprinaO. AСапринаОксана Александровна

канд. мед. наук, врач-онколог отд-ния опухолей черепно-челюстно-лицевой области

isabekian@mail.ruN.N. Blokhin Russian Cancer Research Center under the Russian Academy of Mrdical SciencesФГБУ «Российский онкологический научный центр им. Н.Н. Блохина» РАМН15062014193NO3 (2014)№3 (2014)525622072020Copyright ©; 2014, Eco-VectorCopyright ©; 2014, ООО "Эко-Вектор"2014Eco-VectorООО "Эко-Вектор"https://rjonco.com/1028-9984/article/view/40087

The paper presents a review of literature on the most unstudied problem in head and neck oncology - the diagnosis and treatment of patients with cervical lymph node metastases without a primary focus being detected.

В статье представлен обзор литературы по наиболее неизученной проблеме в онкологии опухолей головы и шеи - диагностике и лечению пациентов с метастазами в лимфатические узлы шеи без выявленного первичного очага.

squamous cell carcinomacervical lymph node metastasesprimary focusплоскоклеточный ракметастазы в лимфатические узлы шеипервичный очагRudyk A.N., Zinchenko S.V., Khasanov R.Sh. The results of diagnosis and treatment of patients with metastatic squamous cell carcinoma of the lymph nodes of the neck revealed no primary lesion. Sibirskiy onkologicheskiy zhurnal. 2010; 37(1): 64-7Bell C.W., Pathak S., Frost P. Unknown primary tumors: establishment of cell lines, identification of chromosomal abnormalities, and implications for a second type of tumor progression. Cancer Res. 1989; 49(15): 4311-5.Guarischi A., Keane T.J., Elhakim T. Metastatic inguinal nodes from an unknown primary neoplasm. A review of 56 cases. Cancer. 1987; 59(3): 572-7.Muir C. Cancer of unknown primary site. Cancer 1995; 75(1, Suppl.): 353-6.Seddon D.J., Williams E.M. Data quality in population-based cancer registration: an assessment of the Merseyside and Cheshire Cancer Registry. Br. J. Cancer. 1997; 76(5): 667-74.Bernal M.P., Cazar E.L., Estevez R.A. et al. Tumor primitivo desconocido. Rev. Latinoam. Oncol. Clin. 1988; 20(5): 5-19.Jungi W.F., Osterwalder B. Approach in metastasis with unknown primary tumor. Schweiz. Med. Wschr. 1990; 120(35): 1273-9.Fedotenko S.P. Cancer Metastases in Lymph Nodes of the Neck Revealed no Primary Lesion (Clinical Picture, Diagnosis, Treatment): Diss. Moscow; 1978Cheng A.T.L., Dorman B. Fine needle aspiration cytology: the Auckland experience. Aust. N. Z. J. Surg.1992; 62(5): 368-72.Rapkiewicz A., Le B.T., Simsir A. et al. Spectrum of head and neck lesions diagnosed by fine-needle aspiration cytology in the pediatric population. Cancer. 2007; 111(4): 242-51.Murthy P., Laing M.R., Palmer T.J. Fine needle aspiration cytology of head and neck lesions: an early experience. J. Roy. Coll. Surg. Edinb. 1997; 42(5): 341-6.Tandon S., Shahab R., Benton J.I. et al. Fine-needle aspiration cytology in a regional head and neck cancer center: comparison with a systematic review and meta-analysis. Head Neck. 2008; 30(9): 1246-52.Howlett D.C., Harper B., Quante M., et al. Diagnostic adequacy and accuracy of fine needle aspiration cytology in neck lump assessment: results from a regional cancer network over a one year period. J. Laryngol. 2007; 121(6): 571-9.Ellis E.R., Mendenhall W.M., Rao P.V. et al. Incisional or excisional neck-node biopsy before definitive radiotherapy, alone or followed by neck dissection. Head Neck. 1991; 13: 177-83.McGuirt W.F., Greven K., Williams D. III et al. PET scanning in head and neck oncology: a review. Head Neck. 1998; 20(3): 208-15.Greven K.M., Keyes J.W. Jr, Williams D. III, et al. Occult primary tumors of the head and neck: lack of benefit from positron emission tomography imaging with 2-[F-18]fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose. Cancer. 1999; 86(1): 114-8.Fogarty G.B., Peters L.J., Stewart J. et al. The usefulness of fluorine 18-labelled deoxyglucose positron emission tomography in the investigation of patients with cervical lymphadenopathy from an unknown primary tumor. Head Neck. 2003; 25(2): 138-45.Veit-Haibach P., Luczak C., Wanke I. et al. TNM staging with FDG-PET/CT in patients with primary head and neck cancer. Eur. J. Nucl. Med. Mol. Imag. 2007; 34(12): 1953-62.Johansen J., Buus S., Loft A. et al. Prospective study of 18FDG-PET in the detection and management of patients with lymph node metastases to the neck from an unknown primary tumor. Results from the Dahanca-13 study. Head Neck. 2008; 30(4): 471-8.Miller F.R., Karnad A.B., Eng T. et al. Management of the unknown primary carcinoma: long-term follow-up on a negative PET scan and negative panendoscopy. Head Neck. 2008; 30(1): 28-34.Kothari P., Randhawa P. S., Farrell R. Role of tonsillectomy in the search for a squamous cell carcinoma from an unknown primary in the head and neck. Br. J. Oral Maxillofac. Surg. 2008; 46(4): 283-7.Jereczek-Fossa B.A., Jassem J., Orecchia R. Cervical lymph node metastases of squamous cell carcinoma from an unknown primary. Cancer Treat. Rev. 2004; 30(2): 153-64.McQuone S.J., Eisele D.W., Lee D.-J. et al. Occult tonsillar carcinoma in the unknown primary. Laryngoscope. 1998; 108(11): 605-10.Randall D.A., Johnstone P.A.S., Foss R.D. et al. Tonsillectomy in diagnosis of the unknown primary tumor of the head and neck. Otolaryngol. Head Neck Surg. 2000; 122(1): 52-5.Kazak I., Haisch A., Jovanovic S. Bilateral synchronous tonsillar carcinoma in cervical cancer of unknown primary site (CUPS). Eur. Arch. Otorhinolaryngol. 2003; 260(9): 490-3.Koch W.M., Bhatti N., Williams M.F. et al. Oncologic rationale for bilateral tonsillectomy in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma of unknown primary source. Otolaryngol. Head Neck Surg. 2001; 124(3): 331-3.Safa A.A., Tran L.M., Rege S. et al. The role of positron emission tomography in occult primary head and neck cancers. Cancer J. Sci. Am. 1999; 5: 214-8.Bataini J.P., Rodriguez J., Jaulerry C. et al. Treatment of metastatic neck nodes secondary to an occult epidermoid carcinoma of the head and neck. Laryngoscope. 1987; 97: 1080-4.Carlson L.S., Fletcher G.H., Oswald M.J. Guidelines for radio-therapeutic techniques for cervical metastases from an unknown primary. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys. 1986; 12: 2101-10.Lefebvre J.L., Coche-Dequeant B.,Van J.T. et al. Cervical lymph nodes from an unknown primary tumor in 190 patients. Am. J. Surg. 1990;160: 443-6.McCunniff A.J., Raben M. Metastatic carcinoma of the neck from an unknown primary. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol.Biol. Phys. 1986; 12: 1849-52.Reddy S.P., Marks J.E. Metastatic carcinoma in the cervical lymph nodes from an unknown primary site: Results of bilateral neck plus mucosal irradiation vs. ipsilateral neck irradiation. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys. 1997; 37: 797-802.Weir L., Keane T., Cummings B. et al. Radiation treatment of cervical lymph node metastases from an unknown primary: An analysis of outcome by treatment volume and other prognostic factors. Radiother. Oncol. 1995; 35: 206-11.Abbruzzese J.L., Abbruzzese M.C., Hess K.R. et al. Unknown primary carcinoma: natural history and prognostic factors in 657 consecutive patients. J. Clin. Oncol. 1994;12: 1272-80.LeChevalier T., Cvitkovic E., Caille P. et al. Early metastatic cancer of unknown primary origin at presentation. Arch. Intern. Med. 1988; 148: 2035-9.Lembersky B.C., Thomas L.C. Metastases of unknown primary site. Med. Clin. N. Am. 1996; 80: 153-71.Pasterz R., Savoraj N., Burgess M. Prognostic factors in metastatic carcinoma of unknown primary. J. Clin. Oncol. 1986; 4: 1652-7.Pentheroudakis G., Briasoulis E., Pavlidis N. Cancer of unknown primary site: missing primary or missing biology? Oncologist. 2007; 12: 418-25.Van de Wouw A.J., Janssen-Heijnen M.L., Coebergh J.W. et al. Epidemiology of unknown primary tumours; incidence and population-based survival of 1285 patients in Southeast Netherlands, 1984-1992. Eur. J. Cancer. 2002; 38: 409-13.Yalin Y., Pingzhang T., Smith G.I. et al. Management and outcome of cervical lymph node metastases of unknown primary sites: a retrospective study. Br. J. Oral Maxillofac. Surg. 2002; 40(6): 484-7.Klop W.M., Balm A.J., Keus R.B. et al. Diagnosis and treatment of 39 patients with cervical lymph node metastases of squamous cell carcinoma of unknown primary origin, referred to Netherlands Cancer Institute/ Antoni van Leeuwenhoek Hospital, 1979-98. Ned. T. Geneesk. 2000; 144(28): 1355-60.Mistry R.C., Qureshi S.S., Talole S.D. et al. Cervical lymph node metastases of squamous cell carcinoma from an unknown primary: outcomes and patterns of failure. Indian J. Cancer. 2008; 8: 54-8.Iganej S., Kagan R., Anderson P. et al. Metastatic squamous cell carcinoma of the neck from an unknown primary: management options and patterns of relapse. Head Neck. 2002; 24(3): 236-46.Shukla P., Gupta D., Bisht S.S. et al. Metastatic squamous cell carcinoma neck with occult primary: A retrospective analysis. Indian J. Med. Paediatr. Oncol. 2009; 30(4): 124-30.Stenson K.M., Huo D., Blair E. et al. Planned post-chemoradiation neck dissection: significance of radiation dose. Laryngoscope. 2006 ; 116(1): 33-6.Argiris A., Smith S.M., Stenson K. et al. Concurrent chemoradiotherapy for N2 or N3 squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck from an occult primary. Ann. Oncol. 2003; 14(8): 1306-11.Beldi D., Jereczek-Fossa B.A., D’Onofrio A. et al. Role of radiotherapy in the treatment of cervical lymph node metastases from an unknown primary site: retrospective analysis of 113 patients. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys. 2007; 69(4): 1051-8.Colletier P.J., Garden A.S., Morrison W.H. et al. Postoperative radiation for squamous cell carcinoma metastatic to cervical lymph nodes from an unknown primary site: outcomes and patterns of failure. Head Neck. 1998; 20: 674-81.Strojan P., Anicin A. Combined surgery and postoperative radiotherapy for cervical lymph node metastases from an unknown primary tumour. Radiother. Oncol. 1998; 49: 33-40.Medini E., Medini A.M., Lee C.K. et al. The management of metastatic squamous cell carcinoma in cervical lymph nodes from an unknown primary. Am. J. Clin. Oncol. 1998; 21: 121-5.Browman G.P., Hodson D.I., Mackenzie R.J. et al. Cancer Care Ontario Practice Guideline Initiative Head and Neck Cancer Disease Site Group. Choosing a concomitant chemotherapy and radiotherapy regimen for squamous cell head and neck cancer: A systematic review of the published literature with subgroup analysis. Head Neck. 2001; 23: 579-89.Bourhis J., Pignon J.P. Meta-analyses in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. What is the role of chemotherapy? Hematol. Oncol. Clin. N. Am.1999; 13: 769-75.Friesland S., Lind M.G., Lundgren J.,et al. Outcome of ipsilateral treatment for patients with metastases to neck nodes of unknown origin. Acta Oncol. 2001; 40: 24-8.Grau C., Johansen L.V., Jakobsen J. et al. Cervical lymph node metastases from unknown primary tumours. Results from a national survey by the Danish Society for Head and Neck Oncology. Radiother. Oncol. 2000; 55: 121-9.Erkal H.S., Mendenhall W.M., Amdur R.J. et al. Squamous cell carcinomas metastatic to cervical lymph nodes from an unknown head-and-neck mucosal site treated with radiation therapy alone or in combination with neck dissection. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys. 2001; 50: 55-63.Kirschner M.J., Fietkau R., Waldfahrer F. et al. Therapy of cervical lymph node metastases of unknown primary tumour. Strahlenther. Onkol. 1997; 173: 362-8