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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="review-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Russian Journal of Oncology</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Russian Journal of Oncology</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Российский онкологический журнал</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">1028-9984</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2412-9119</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">628266</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17816/onco628266</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Reviews</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Научные обзоры</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Review Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Oligometastatic skin melanoma: molecular-genetic characteristics and the effectiveness of surgical intervention</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Олигометастатическая меланома кожи: молекулярно-генетические характеристики и эффективность хирургического вмешательства</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0009-1826-8850</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">9139-2916</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Telegin</surname><given-names>Alexander A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Телегин</surname><given-names>Александр Алексеевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>dock996@bk.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8880-1758</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">1177-8997</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Prozorenko</surname><given-names>Evgeny V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Прозоренко</surname><given-names>Евгений Владимирович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Cand. Sci. (Medicine)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. мед. наук</p></bio><email>prozorenko_e_v@staff.sechenov.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7150-5071</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">3691-8923</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Samoylenko</surname><given-names>Igor V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Самойленко</surname><given-names>Игорь Вячеславович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Cand. Sci. (Medicine)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. мед. наук</p></bio><email>i.samoylenko@ronc.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5841-7480</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">1404-7422</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Sevyan</surname><given-names>Nadezhda V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Севян</surname><given-names>Надежда Вагаршаковна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Cand. Sci. (Medicine)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. мед. наук</p></bio><email>sevyan_n_v@staff.sechenov.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">N.N. Blokhin National Medical Research Center of Oncology</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Национальный медицинский исследовательский центр онкологии имени Н.Н. Блохина</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University)</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Первый МГМУ имени И.М. Сеченова Минздрава России (Сеченовский Университет)</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="preprint" iso-8601-date="2024-09-12" publication-format="electronic"><day>12</day><month>09</month><year>2024</year></pub-date><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2024-09-22" publication-format="electronic"><day>22</day><month>09</month><year>2024</year></pub-date><volume>28</volume><issue>4</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>197</fpage><lpage>203</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2024-03-02"><day>02</day><month>03</month><year>2024</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2024-07-02"><day>02</day><month>07</month><year>2024</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2024, Eco-Vector</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2024, Эко-Вектор</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2024</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Эко-Вектор</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" start_date="2027-09-22"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://rjonco.com/1028-9984/article/view/628266">https://rjonco.com/1028-9984/article/view/628266</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>“Oligometastatic” represents a so-called transitional stage between localized and disseminated process. The process itself is characterized by the presence of a primary tumor and a limited number of distant solitary metastases. The disease progression in oligometastatic cancer is slower compared to the massive dissemination, and the prognosis is more favorable. Oligometastatic process has been described in many malignancies, including melanoma, lung cancer, breast cancer, and others. This article focuses on oligometastatic melanoma and the role of surgical treatment in this scenario of disease progression.</p> <p>One of the early theories of oligometastatic cancer was proposed in 1995. According to this theory, malignant neoplasms first develop as a single focus of initial (primary) tumor, followed by solitary involvement of distant tissues and organs (oligometastatic phase), and later progress to full dissemination and massive spread throughout the body. Weak points of this theory became evident as clinical practice showed that in some patients, the oligometastatic form of the disease did not progress to systemic dissemination, indicating that oligometastasis in this patient cohort was not an intermediate stage of disease development, but rather a separate form of tumor progression.</p> <p>Another theory, encompassing the concept of oligometastasis, suggests that tumor malignancy is inherently a disseminated process, and the primary tumor and primary (solitary) oligometastases are simply the first detectable foci large enough to be visualized by diagnostic methods. However, similar to the previous theory, this approach fails to explain prolonged periods (or even constant presence) of oligometastatic disease in specific patient cohorts.</p> <p>The modern understanding of the cause of oligometastasis is complex and consists of several statements. It is based on diverse molecular and genetic characteristics of malignant neoplasms, even within the same nosological entity and histological subtype. For metastatic process to take place, tumor cells must possess certain characteristics such as loss of adhesion, increased invasiveness, migratory capacity, and the ability to adapt and thrive in new microenvironments.</p> <p>This article emphasizes the importance of surgical treatment in cases of oligometastatic disease and provides information on the current understanding of the mechanisms underlying this process.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Статья описывает олигометастазирование как переходную стадию между локализованным заболеванием и диссеминированным процессом. Олигометастазирование характеризуется наличием первичного очага опухоли и ограниченным количеством единичных отдалённых метастазов. В отличие от массивного диссеминированного процесса, олигометастазирование протекает медленнее, а прогноз заболевания более благоприятный.</p> <p>Статья фокусируется на олигометастатическом процессе при меланоме кожи и рассматривает роль хирургического метода лечения в таких случаях. Описывается теория олигометастазирования, предполагающая, что злокачественное новообразование сначала развивается как единичный очаг первичной опухоли, затем возникают отдельные отдалённые поражения, а затем диссеминация и распространение по всему организму. Однако наблюдения в клинической практике показали, что у некоторых пациентов олигометастатическая форма болезни не прогрессирует в массивное системное распространение. Это указывает на то, что олигометастазирование может представлять собой отдельную форму развития опухоли.</p> <p>Кроме того, рассматривается другая теория, согласно которой опухолевое заболевание изначально является диссеминированным процессом, а первичная опухоль и первичные олигометастазы являются лишь первыми видимыми очагами, достаточно крупными для визуализации при помощи инструментальных методов исследования. Однако и эта теория не объясняет наличие у некоторых пациентов продолжительного или постоянного олигометастатического течения заболевания.</p> <p>Современный взгляд на причину олигометастазирования основан на молекулярно-генетических характеристиках злокачественных новообразований. Для полноценного метастазирования опухолевая клетка должна обладать определёнными свойствами, такими как потеря адгезивности, увеличенная инвазивность, способность к миграции и закреплению в новом микроокружении.</p> <p>Данная статья подчёркивает важность хирургического метода лечения в случае олигометастатического течения заболевания и предоставляет информацию о современном понимании механизмов, лежащих в основе этого процесса.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>oligometastasis</kwd><kwd>transitional stage</kwd><kwd>localized disease</kwd><kwd>disseminated process</kwd><kwd>primary tumor focus</kwd><kwd>solitary distant metastases</kwd><kwd>disease progression</kwd><kwd>favorable prognosis</kwd><kwd>melanoma</kwd><kwd>surgical treatment</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>олигометастазы</kwd><kwd>переходная стадия</kwd><kwd>локализованное заболевание</kwd><kwd>диссеминированный процесс</kwd><kwd>первичный очаг опухоли</kwd><kwd>единичные отдалённые метастазы</kwd><kwd>прогрессия заболевания</kwd><kwd>благоприятный прогноз</kwd><kwd>меланома</kwd><kwd>хирургическое лечение</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hellman S, Weichselbaum RR. 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