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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Russian Journal of Oncology</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Russian Journal of Oncology</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Российский онкологический журнал</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">1028-9984</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2412-9119</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">633809</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17816/onco633809</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Original Study Articles</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Оригинальные исследования</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Intraoperative staining of malignant lung tumors using bioorganic fluorescent gold nanoclusters bound to aptamers</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Интраоперационное окрашивание злокачественных опухолей лёгкого с помощью биоорганических флуоресцентных золотых нанокластеров, связанных с аптамерами</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2567-6918</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">6501-0371</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Zamay</surname><given-names>Galina S.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Замай</surname><given-names>Галина Сергеевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. Sci. (Biology)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>кандидат биол. наук</p></bio><email>galina.zamay@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7493-8742</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">8799-8497</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Zamay</surname><given-names>Tatiana N.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Замай</surname><given-names>Татьяна Николаевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Dr. Sci. (Biology)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>доктор биол. наук</p></bio><email>tzamay@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1658-2562</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">8491-2313</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Chumakov</surname><given-names>Daniil S.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Чумаков</surname><given-names>Даниил Сергеевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. Sci. (Biology)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>кандидат биол. наук</p></bio><email>laik2012@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6676-6656</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">8740-5259</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Sidorov</surname><given-names>Semen A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Сидоров</surname><given-names>Семён Александрович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>sidorov.syoma2014@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0006-5357-2637</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">2846-8592</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Krat</surname><given-names>Aleksey V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Крат</surname><given-names>Алексей Васильевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Cand. Sci. (Medicine)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>кандидат медицинских наук</p></bio><email>alexkrat@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3996-5750</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">5274-8718</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Khlebtsov</surname><given-names>Boris N.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Хлебцов</surname><given-names>Борис Николаевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Dr. Sci. (Physics and Mathematics)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>доктор физ.-мат. наук</p></bio><email>khlebtsov_b@ibppm.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4207-1627</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">8826-6672</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Shchugoreva</surname><given-names>Irina A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Щугорева</surname><given-names>Ирина Андреевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. Sci. (Chemistry)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>кандидат хим. наук</p></bio><email>shchugorevai@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7339-8660</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">2217-2229</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Koshmanova</surname><given-names>Anastasia A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Кошманова</surname><given-names>Анастасия Андреевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>koshmanova.1998@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7210-3020</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">3632-8415</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Zukov</surname><given-names>Ruslan A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Зуков</surname><given-names>Руслан Александрович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Dr. Sci. (Medicine)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>доктор медицинских наук</p></bio><email>zukov_rus@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2055-7784</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">4377-1257</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Khlebtsov</surname><given-names>Nikolai G.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Хлебцов</surname><given-names>Николай Григорьевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Dr. Sci. (Physics and Mathematics)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>доктор физ.-мат. наук</p></bio><email>khlebtsov@ibppm.sgu.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1054-4629</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">5387-9071</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kichkailo</surname><given-names>Anna S.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Кичкайло</surname><given-names>Анна Сергеевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Dr. Sci. (Biology)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>доктор биол. наук</p></bio><email>annazamay@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Professor V.F. Voino-Yasenetsky Krasnoyarsk State Medical University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Красноярский государственный медицинский университет имени В.Ф. Войно-Ясенецкого</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Federal Research Center “Krasnoyarsk Science Center of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences”</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Федеральный исследовательский центр «Красноярский научный центр Сибирского отделения Российской академии наук»</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff3"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Federal Research Centre “Saratov Scientific Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences”</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Федеральный исследовательский центр «Саратовский научный центр Российской академии наук»</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff4"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Krasnoyarsk Regional Clinical Oncology Dispensary named after A.I. Kryzhanovsky</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Красноярский краевой клинический онкологический диспансер имени А.И. Крыжановского</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff5"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Saratov State University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Саратовский национальный исследовательский государственный университет имени Н.Г. Чернышевского</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="preprint" iso-8601-date="2024-11-09" publication-format="electronic"><day>09</day><month>11</month><year>2024</year></pub-date><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2024-12-20" publication-format="electronic"><day>20</day><month>12</month><year>2024</year></pub-date><volume>29</volume><issue>2</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>82</fpage><lpage>92</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2024-06-27"><day>27</day><month>06</month><year>2024</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2024-10-28"><day>28</day><month>10</month><year>2024</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2024, Eco-Vector</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2024, Эко-Вектор</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2024</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Эко-Вектор</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" start_date="2027-12-20"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://rjonco.com/1028-9984/article/view/633809">https://rjonco.com/1028-9984/article/view/633809</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><bold><italic>Background</italic></bold><bold><italic>:</italic></bold> The problem of recurrence, generalization, or metastasis of lung cancer remains relevant to this day, despite the advances in diagnostic and therapeutic methods of treatment. The main method of localized lung cancer treatment is surgery. The volume of resection is determined by the location of the tumor, its spread to surrounding tissues and the status of lymph node damage. However, even after removal of a large part of the lung, metastatic foci may remain in healthy tissue. To improve the effectiveness of diagnostics during surgery, fluorescence-navigated surgery can be used, based on the use of fluorescent dyes, which enables to see even small clusters of malignant cells in the early stages of tumor process development.</p> <p><bold><italic>Aim</italic></bold><bold><italic>: </italic></bold>To develop a drug for fluorescence-navigation surgery based on aptamers and fluorescent gold nanoclusters (fluorescence excitation wavelengths are 365–410 nm, emission wavelengths are 615–650 nm).</p> <p><bold><italic>Materials</italic></bold><bold><italic> and Methods:</italic></bold> The object of the study is primary cultures of non-small cell lung cancer. Liposomes functionalized with DNA aptamer LC-17 were used to deliver gold nanoclusters stabilized with glutathione (GSH-AuNC) or bovine serum albumin (BSA-AuNC) to lung cancer cells. Electron microscopic images of the synthesized nanoclusters were obtained using transmission electron microscopy. Analysis of the efficiency of tumor cell binding to aptamer-functionalized liposomes containing nanoclusters was performed using flow cytometry Lung adenocarcinoma tissue was used to evaluate the efficiency of fluorescent nanoclusters.</p> <p><bold><italic>Results</italic></bold><bold><italic>:</italic></bold><bold> </bold>The diameter of BSA-AuNC and GSH-AuNC nanoclusters was 1.8±0.5 nm and 1.5±0.3 nm, respectively. When exciting by light with a wavelength of 365 nm, the maximum fluorescence emission for BSA-AuNCs was 655 nm, and for GSH-AuNCs — 613 nm. The fluorescence quantum yields for BSA-AuNCs and GSH-AuNCs were 6% and 14%, respectively. LC-17 aptamer-functionalized liposomes with included GSH-AuNC and BSA-AuNC effectively bound to lung adenocarcinoma cells and stained them.</p> <p><bold><italic>Conclusion</italic></bold><bold><italic>:</italic></bold><bold> </bold>The possibilityl of using gold nanoclusters stabilized by GSH-AuNC and BSA-AuNC for fluorescence-guided surgery is demonstrated.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p><bold>Обоснование.</bold> Проблема рецидивирования, генерализации или метастазирования рака лёгкого до настоящего времени остаётся актуальной, несмотря на развитие диагностических и терапевтических методов лечения. Основной метод лечения локализованного рака лёгкого — хирургический. Объём резекции определяется локализацией опухоли, её распространением на окружающие ткани и статусом поражения лимфоузлов. Однако даже после удаления большой части лёгкого в здоровой ткани могут оставаться метастатические очаги. Для улучшения эффективности диагностики при операции может применяться флуоресцентно-навигационная хирургия, основанная на использовании флуоресцентных красителей, позволяющая видеть даже небольшие скопления злокачественных клеток на ранних стадиях развития опухолевого процесса.</p> <p><bold>Цель</bold>. Разработка препарата для флуоресцентно-навигационной хирургии на основе аптамеров и флуоресцентных нанокластеров золота (длины волн возбуждения флуоресценции — 365–410 нм, длины волн эмиссии — 615–650 нм).</p> <p><bold>Материалы и методы.</bold> Объект исследования — первичные культуры немелкоклеточного рака лёгкого. Для доставки золотых нанокластеров, стабилизированных глутатионом (GSH-AuNC) или альбумином бычьей сыворотки (BSA-AuNC), к клеткам рака лёгкого использовали липосомы, функционализированные ДНК-аптамером LC-17. Электронно-микроскопические изображения синтезированных нанокластеров получали с помощью просвечивающей электронной микроскопии. Анализ эффективности связывания опухолевых клеток с функционализированными аптамерами липосомами, содержащими нанокластеры, проводили методом проточной цитометрии. Для оценки эффективности флуоресцентных нанокластеров использовали ткань аденокарциномы лёгкого.</p> <p><bold>Результаты.</bold> Диаметр нанокластеров BSA-AuNC и GSH-AuNC составил 1,8±0,5 и 1.5±0.3 нм, соответственно. При возбуждении светом с длиной волны 365 нм максимум эмиссии флуоресценции для BSA-AuNC составил 655 нм, а для GSH-AuNCs — 613 нм. Квантовые выходы флуоресценции для BSA-AuNC и GSH-AuNC составили 6 и 14%, соответственно. Функционализированные аптамером LC-17 липосомы с включёнными в них GSH-AuNС и BSA-AuNС эффективно связывались с клетками аденокарциномы лёгкого и окрашивали их.</p> <p><bold>Заключение.</bold> Показана потенциальная возможность использования золотых нанокластеров, стабилизированных GSH-AuNC и BSA-AuNC, для флуоресцентно-навигационной хирургии.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>aptamer</kwd><kwd>fluorescent gold nanoclusters</kwd><kwd>liposomes</kwd><kwd>fluorescence-guided surgery</kwd><kwd>lung cancer</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>аптамер</kwd><kwd>флуоресцентные золотые нанокластеры</kwd><kwd>липосомы</kwd><kwd>флуоресцентно-навигационная хирургия</kwd><kwd>рак лёгкого</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><award-group><funding-source><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="ru">Министерства науки и высшего образования Российской Федерации</institution></institution-wrap><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="en">Research and publication were supported by the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation</institution></institution-wrap></funding-source><award-id>FWES-2022-0005</award-id></award-group></funding-group></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Higgins KA, Chino JP, Berry M, et al. 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