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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Russian Journal of Oncology</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Russian Journal of Oncology</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Российский онкологический журнал</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">1028-9984</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2412-9119</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">690030</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17816/onco690030</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="edn">ERPPEU</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Original Study Articles</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Оригинальные исследования</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Effect of hyaluronic acid on drug resistance in 3D <italic>in vitro</italic> models of brain tumors</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Влияние гиалуроновой кислоты на лекарственную устойчивость 3D <italic>in vitro</italic> моделей опухолей головного мозга</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4344-8943</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Arutyunyan</surname><given-names>Irina V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Арутюнян</surname><given-names>Ирина Владимировна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>labrosta@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0001-8822-8645</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Lositskii</surname><given-names>Georgy A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Лосицкий</surname><given-names>Георгий Андреевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>glosierror404@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9158-1933</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">2582-5511</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Soboleva</surname><given-names>Anna G.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Соболева</surname><given-names>Анна Геннадьевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. Sci. (Biology)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. биол. наук</p></bio><email>annasobo@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0008-2449-3950</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Aleksandrova</surname><given-names>Sofia A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Александрова</surname><given-names>Софья Анатольевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>sofia.aleksa@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Balchir</surname><given-names>Dorzhu V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Бальчир</surname><given-names>Доржу Васильевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>dbalchir@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2620-7427</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">2180-8061</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kudelkina</surname><given-names>Vera V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Куделькина</surname><given-names>Вера Владимировна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>verakudelkina8047@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7721-6120</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">2501-6142</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Artemova</surname><given-names>Daria A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Артёмова</surname><given-names>Дарья Артемовна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>artiomova.darya@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2133-2293</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">3534-3764</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Makarov</surname><given-names>Andrey V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Макаров</surname><given-names>Андрей Витальевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Cand. Sci. (Medicine)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. мед. наук</p></bio><email>anvitmak@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2392-4439</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">5160-9029</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Elchaninov</surname><given-names>Andrey V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ельчанинов</surname><given-names>Андрей Владимирович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Dr. Sci. (Medicine), Assistant Professor</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р мед. наук, доцент</p></bio><email>elchandrey@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Petrovsky National Research Centre of Surgery</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Российский научный центр хирургии имени академика Б.В. Петровского</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">RUDN University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Российский университет дружбы народов имени Патриса Лумумбы</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff3"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">National Medical Research Center for Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology Named after Academician V.I. Kulakov</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Национальный медицинский исследовательский центр акушерства, гинекологии и перинатологии им. академика В.И. Кулакова</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="preprint" iso-8601-date="2025-11-24" publication-format="electronic"><day>24</day><month>11</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2025-12-25" publication-format="electronic"><day>25</day><month>12</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>30</volume><issue>3</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>220</fpage><lpage>233</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2025-09-01"><day>01</day><month>09</month><year>2025</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2025-11-18"><day>18</day><month>11</month><year>2025</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2025, Eco-Vector</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2025, Эко-Вектор</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Эко-Вектор</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" start_date="2028-12-25"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://eco-vector.com/for_authors.php#07</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://rjonco.com/1028-9984/article/view/690030">https://rjonco.com/1028-9984/article/view/690030</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><bold>BACKGROUND:</bold> On-treatment drug resistance is a major concern in brain tumor therapy, significantly reducing the efficacy of conventional chemotherapy. Three-dimensional (3D) cell models are a powerful tool in experimental oncology for assessing drug resistance mechanisms in tumor cells, including the role of extracellular matrix-activated signaling pathways.</p> <p><bold>AIM:</bold> The work aimed to assess the effect of hyaluronic acid on doxorubicin resistance in 3D in vitro models of brain tumors.</p> <p><bold>METHODS:</bold> 2D monolayer cultures were obtained from continuous cell lines of brain tumors in laboratory animals. The cell lines were derived from the unique collection of the A.P. Avtsyn Research Institute of Human Morphology of the B.V. Petrovsky Russian Research Center of Surgery. 3D spheroids were formed using ultra-low attachment plates with or without hyaluronic acid. The cytotoxicity of doxorubicin was assessed using the ССК-8 kit. Fluorimetry was used to measure doxorubicin efflux efficiency and CD44 production, whereas flow cytometry was used to assess the fraction of CD44+ cells. The expression of genes responsible for drug resistance was assessed using real-time polymerase chain reaction.</p> <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> The IC50 of doxorubicin in 2D models was as follows: 180 nM for oligodendroglioma 51/7, 280 nM for glioblastoma 14-60-4, 500 nM for astrocytoma 10-17-2, and 2750 nM for neurinoma RGGN2. The IC50 of doxorubicin determined for 2D models had no significant effect on the viability of cells in spheroids. However, a fourfold increase in its concentration induced a cytotoxic effect, the severity of which was determined by spheroid compaction. Hyaluronic acid increased doxorubicin resistance in 3D models of brain tumors in a dose-dependent manner. This effect was associated with CD44 receptor activation and enhanced drug efflux from cells, which were mediated by changes in the expression of ABC transporter genes (<italic>Abcb1, Abcg2, Abcc1</italic>) and DNA repair genes (<italic>Mgmt, Top2a</italic>).</p> <p><bold>CONCLUSION:</bold> The findings clarify the role of hyaluronic acid and the CD44 receptor in drug resistance in brain tumors, facilitating the development of more relevant <italic>in vitro</italic> models. Furthermore, the findings have practical significance for developing drug resistance-overcoming strategies, such as targeted inhibition of ABC transporters or suppressed interactions between hyaluronic acid and its CD44 receptor.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p><bold>Обоснование.<italic> </italic></bold>Одной из ключевых проблем терапии опухолей головного мозга является развитие лекарственной устойчивости, проявляющейся во время лечения, что значительно снижает эффективность стандартных методов химиотерапии. Трёхмерные клеточные модели являются мощным инструментом экспериментальной онкологии, позволяя изучать механизмы реализации лекарственной устойчивости опухолевых клеток, в том числе вклад сигнальных путей, активируемых молекулами внеклеточного матрикса.</p> <p><bold>Цель.<italic> </italic></bold>Оценить влияние гиалуроновой кислоты на устойчивость 3D <italic>in vitro</italic> моделей опухолей головного мозга к доксорубицину.</p> <p><bold>Методы<italic>.</italic></bold> 2D-монослойные культуры получали из перевиваемых штаммов опухолей головного мозга лабораторных животных, хранящихся в уникальной коллекции НИИ морфологии человека имени академика А.П. Авцына ФГБНУ «Российский научный центр хирургии имени академика Б.В. Петровского». Формирование 3D-сфероидов проводили в условиях ультранизкой адгезии в присутствии гиалуроновой кислоты или без неё. Цитотоксичность доксорубицина определяли с использованием теста ССК-8. Эффективность эффлюкса доксорубицина и уровень продукции белка CD44 определяли с помощью флуориметрии, долю CD44+ клеток — с помощью проточной цитометрии. Оценку экспрессии генов, связанных с лекарственной устойчивостью, проводили методом полимеразной цепной реакции в реальном времени.</p> <p><bold>Результаты.<italic> </italic></bold>Значения IC50 доксорубицина составили 180 нМ для 2D-модели олигодендроглиомы 51/7, 280 нМ для глиобластомы 14-60-4, 500 нМ для астроцитомы 10-17-2 и 2750 нМ для невриномы НГУК2. Доксорубицин в концентрации IC50, определённой для 2D-моделей, не оказывал значимого влияния на жизнеспособность клеток в составе сфероидов, но повышение его концентрации в 4 раза приводило к проявлению цитотоксического эффекта, при этом его выраженность зависела от степени компактизации сфероидов. Гиалуроновая кислота дозозависимо повышала устойчивость 3D-моделей опухолей головного мозга к доксорубицину за счёт активации рецептора CD44, более эффективному эффлюксу препарата из клеток, обеспеченному изменением экспрессии генов ABC-транспортёров (<italic>Abcb1, Abcg2, Abcc1</italic>), а также генов, связанных с репарацией ДНК (<italic>Mgmt, Top2a</italic>).</p> <p><bold>Заключение. </bold>Полученные данные расширяют понимание роли гиалуроновой кислоты и рецептора CD44 в формировании лекарственной устойчивости опухолей головного мозга, что позволяет создавать более релевантные <italic>in vitro</italic> модели. Результаты исследования имеют практическое значение для разработки стратегий преодоления лекарственной резистентности, включая таргетное ингибирование ABC-транспортёров или блокаду взаимодействия гиалуроновой кислоты и её рецептора CD44.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>brain tumors</kwd><kwd>spheroids</kwd><kwd>drug resistance</kwd><kwd>hyaluronic acid</kwd><kwd>CD44</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>опухоли головного мозга</kwd><kwd>сфероиды</kwd><kwd>лекарственная устойчивость</kwd><kwd>гиалуроновая кислота</kwd><kwd>CD44</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><award-group><funding-source><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="ru">Министерство науки и высшего образования Российской Федерации</institution></institution-wrap><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="en">Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation</institution></institution-wrap></funding-source><award-id>075-15-2025-493</award-id></award-group></funding-group></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Kim S, Son Y, Oh J, et al. 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