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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Russian Journal of Oncology</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Russian Journal of Oncology</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Российский онкологический журнал</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">1028-9984</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2412-9119</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">691685</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17816/onco691685</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="edn">UJAUME</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Original Study Articles</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Оригинальные исследования</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">From 2D to 3D <italic>in vitro</italic> models of nasal septal squamous cell carcinoma: tumor-associated gene expression under normal conditions and after neutron exposure</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Переход от 2D к 3D <italic>in vitro</italic> модели плоскоклеточного рака носовой перегородки: изменение профиля экспрессии опухоль-ассоциированных генов в норме и после облучения нейтронами</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9158-1933</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">2582-5511</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Soboleva</surname><given-names>Anna G.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Соболева</surname><given-names>Анна Геннадьевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. Sci. (Biology)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. биол. наук</p></bio><email>annasobo@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4344-8943</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">5220-1893</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Arutyunyan</surname><given-names>Irina V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Арутюнян</surname><given-names>Ирина Владимировна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. Sci. (Biology)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. биол. наук</p></bio><email>labrosta@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">2264-5333</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Balchir</surname><given-names>Dorzhu V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Бальчир</surname><given-names>Доржу Васильевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>dbalchir@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6907-2753</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">7212-1328</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Saburov</surname><given-names>Vyacheslav O.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Сабуров</surname><given-names>Вячеслав Олегович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>vosaburov@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0001-8822-8645</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Lositskii</surname><given-names>George A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Лосицкий</surname><given-names>Георгий Андреевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>glosierror404@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Aleksandrova</surname><given-names>Sofia A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Александрова</surname><given-names>Софья Анатольевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>sofia.aleksa@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2133-2293</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">3534-3764</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Makarov</surname><given-names>Andrey V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Макаров</surname><given-names>Андрей Витальевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Cand. Sci. (Medicine)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. мед. наук</p></bio><email>anvitmak@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Elchaninov</surname><given-names>Andrey V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ельчанинов</surname><given-names>Андрей Владимирович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Dr. Sci. (Medicine), Assistant Professor</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р мед. наук, доцент</p></bio><email>elchandrey@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Petrovsky National Research Centre of Surgery</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Российский научный центр хирургии имени академика Б.В. Петровского</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">RUDN University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Российский университет дружбы народов имени Патриса Лумумбы</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff3"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">National Medical Research Radiological Centre</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Национальный медицинский исследовательский центр радиологии</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff4"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">National Medical Research Center for Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology named after Academician V.I. Kulakov</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Национальный медицинский исследовательский центр акушерства, гинекологии и перинатологии им. академика В.И. Кулакова</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="preprint" iso-8601-date="2025-12-02" publication-format="electronic"><day>02</day><month>12</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2025-12-25" publication-format="electronic"><day>25</day><month>12</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>30</volume><issue>3</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>194</fpage><lpage>205</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2025-09-29"><day>29</day><month>09</month><year>2025</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2025-11-11"><day>11</day><month>11</month><year>2025</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2025, Eco-Vector</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2025, Эко-Вектор</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Эко-Вектор</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" start_date="2028-12-25"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://rjonco.com/1028-9984/article/view/691685">https://rjonco.com/1028-9984/article/view/691685</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><bold>BACKGROUND:</bold> Nasal cancer is one of the most challenging cancers for dosimetric planning in radiotherapy. The RPMI-2650 cell line is the most available for modeling in this squamous cell carcinoma. However, there are few published studies on the biological effects of irradiation in RPMI-2650-based models.</p> <p><bold>AIM:</bold> The work aimed to examine changes in tumor-associated gene expression when switching from a 2D to 3D human model of nasal septal squamous cell carcinoma and assess the response of tumor cells to a single neutron exposure.</p> <p><bold>METHODS:</bold> The phenotype of RPMI-2650 cells was assessed by immunocytochemical staining. 3D spheroids were formed using ultra-low attachment plates. An NG-14 neutron generator was used for neutron exposure of 2D and 3D models. The expression of tumor-associated genes was assessed using real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction.</p> <p><bold>RESULTS:</bold> The RPMI-2650 cell line had a keratin 17+ vimentin+ phenotype, which is typical of cell lines isolated from primary tumor metastases. There was a 6.9-fold increase in keratin 17 and keratin 10 gene silencing, along with an increase in the relative expression of <italic>CDH1</italic> by 4.9 times, <italic>CD44</italic> by 4.4 times, <italic>VIM</italic> by 12.4 times, <italic>TP63</italic> by 3.2 times, <italic>PIK3CA</italic> by 2.7 times, <italic>TGFB1</italic> by 3.8 times, <italic>MMP2</italic> by 13.1 times, and <italic>TIMP2</italic> by 35 times<italic>. CDKN2A</italic> expression increased in both 2D and 3D models 24 hours after neutron exposure (4.7 and 6.7 times, respectively). Furthermore, <italic>KRT10</italic> and <italic>TIMP1</italic> expression increased (5 and 4.5 times, respectively; spheroids only), as did <italic>TIMP2</italic>, <italic>TP63</italic>, and <italic>CD44</italic> expression (6.8, 6.5, and 9.3 times, respectively; monolayer culture only). Vimentin gene expression increased 22 times in the exposed 2D model and reduced 7 times in the cancer 3D model.</p> <p><bold>CONCLUSION:</bold> Switching from 2D to 3D RPMI-2650 models was associated with decreased expression of genes encoding tumor cell resistance to therapy, with a simultaneous increase in the expression of genes responsible for progression, metastasis, and drug resistance in squamous cell carcinoma of head and neck. A single neutron exposure in a monolayer culture increased the expression of genes associated with an unfavorable outcome. In the 3D model, neutron exposure induced a more complex response, including cell cycle regulation, fibrosis, and specific cytoskeleton remodeling.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p><bold>Обоснование.</bold> Опухоли полости носа считаются одной из наиболее сложных локализаций с точки зрения дозиметрического планирования в лучевой терапии. Для моделирования этого типа плоскоклеточного рака наиболее доступна линия RPMI-2650, при этом опубликовано крайне мало работ по изучению биологических эффектов, вызванных облучением моделей на основе этих клеток.</p> <p><bold>Цель.</bold> Оценить изменение профиля экспрессии опухоль-ассоциированных генов при переходе от 2D- к 3D-модели плоскоклеточного рака носовой перегородки человека и сравнить ответ опухолевых клеток в составе моделей на однократное облучение нейтронами.</p> <p><bold>Методы. </bold>Фенотипическую характеристику клеток RPMI-2650 проводили с помощью иммуноцитохимического окрашивания. Формирование 3D-сфероидов проводили в культуральной посуде с ультранизкой адгезией. Для облучения 2D- и 3D-моделей использовали генератор нейтронов НГ-14. Оценку экспрессии опухоль-ассоциированных генов проводили методом полимеразной цепной реакции в реальном времени с обратной транскрипцией.</p> <p><bold>Результаты.</bold> Клетки линии RPMI-2650 имели кератин 17+ виментин+ фенотип, характерный для линий, выделенных из метастаза первичной опухоли. Наблюдали подавление генов кератинов 17 и 10 в 6,9 раза, а также повышение уровня относительной экспрессии генов <italic>CDH1</italic> в 4,9 раза, <italic>CD44</italic> в 4,4 раза, <italic>VIM</italic> в 12,4 раза, <italic>TP63</italic> в 3,2 раза, <italic>PIK3CA</italic> в 2,7 раза, <italic>TGFB1</italic> в 3,8 раза, <italic>MMP2</italic> в 13,1 раза и <italic>TIMP2</italic> в 35 раз<italic>. </italic>Через 24 часа после облучения нейтронами были выявлены повышение <italic>CDKN2A</italic> в 2D- и 3D-моделях (в 4,7 и 6,7 раза соответственно), рост экспрессии <italic>KRT10</italic> в 5 раз и <italic>TIMP1</italic> в 4,5 раза только в сфероидах, а также рост <italic>TIMP2</italic> в 6,8 раза, <italic>TP63</italic> в 6,5 раза и <italic>CD44</italic> в 9,3 раза только в монослойной культуре. Экспрессия гена виментина возрастала в 22 раза в облучённой 2D-модели и снижалась в 7 раз в опухолевой 3D-модели.</p> <p><bold>Заключение.</bold> Переход от 2D- к 3D-модели RPMI-2650 сопровождался снижением уровня генов, влияющих на устойчивость опухолевых клеток к терапии, и одновременным повышением экспрессии генов, обеспечивающих прогрессирование, метастазирование и лекарственную устойчивость плоскоклеточного рака головы и шеи. Однократное облучение нейтронами монослойной культуры приводило к росту экспрессии генов, ассоциированных с неблагоприятным исходом заболевания, в то время как в 3D-модели нейтроны вызывали более сложный ответ, включающий регулирование клеточного цикла, развитие фиброза и специфическую перестройку цитоскелета.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>squamous cell carcinoma of head and neck</kwd><kwd>in vitro model</kwd><kwd>spheroids</kwd><kwd>neutron exposure</kwd><kwd>tumor-associated genes</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>плоскоклеточный рак головы и шеи</kwd><kwd>in vitro модель</kwd><kwd>сфероиды</kwd><kwd>нейтронное облучение</kwd><kwd>опухоль-ассоциированные гены</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><award-group><funding-source><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="ru">Российский научный фонд</institution></institution-wrap><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="en">Russian Science Foundation</institution></institution-wrap></funding-source><award-id>24-45-00031</award-id></award-group></funding-group></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Binazzi A, Ferrante P, Marinaccio A. 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