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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Russian Journal of Oncology</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Russian Journal of Oncology</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Российский онкологический журнал</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">1028-9984</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2412-9119</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">691726</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17816/onco691726</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="edn">VQODKR</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Original Study Articles</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Оригинальные исследования</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Obtaining and characterizing rhodamine B immunoconjugates</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Получение и характеристика иммуноконъюгатов на основе родамина В</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4570-2124</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">2535-9741</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Grinevich</surname><given-names>Anatoliy S.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Гриневич</surname><given-names>Анатолий Станиславович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>a.grinevich@ronc.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0009-7115-7797</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">8572-7717</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Sadovskaya</surname><given-names>Yana O.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Садовская</surname><given-names>Яна Олеговна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>ja.sadovskaja@ronc.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0000-0317-9948</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">8054-2753</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Karimova</surname><given-names>Anastasia O.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Каримова</surname><given-names>Анастасия Олеговна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>a.karimova@ronc.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0000-2292-8537</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Ryzhikov</surname><given-names>Mikhail A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Рыжиков</surname><given-names>Михаил Александрович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>m.ryzhikov@ronc.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0008-6104-5233</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Khotuleva</surname><given-names>Margarita G.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Хотулева</surname><given-names>Маргарита Геннадьевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>m.khotuleva@ronc.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5465-6094</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">2807-7709</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Solopova</surname><given-names>Olga N.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Солопова</surname><given-names>Ольга Николаевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. Sci. (Biology)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. биол. наук</p></bio><email>o.solopova@ronc.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3852-6676</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">5020-4002</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Guseva</surname><given-names>Elizaveta V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Гусева</surname><given-names>Елизавета Викторовна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. Sci. (Chemistry)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. хим. наук</p></bio><email>lizon.00@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3627-1673</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Sigan</surname><given-names>Andrey L.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Сиган</surname><given-names>Андрей Лейзорович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. Sci. (Chemistry)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. хим. наук</p></bio><email>asigan@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0218-8265</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">4613-3230</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Gusev</surname><given-names>Dmitriy V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Гусев</surname><given-names>Дмитрий Васильевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>d.gusev@ronc.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Blokhin National Medical Research Center of Oncology</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Национальный медицинский исследовательский центр онкологии им. Н.Н. Блохина</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">National Research University Higher School of Economics</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Национальный исследовательский университет «Высшая школа экономики»</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff3"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Институт элементоорганических соединений им. А.Н. Несмеянова</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="preprint" iso-8601-date="2025-12-02" publication-format="electronic"><day>02</day><month>12</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2025-12-25" publication-format="electronic"><day>25</day><month>12</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>30</volume><issue>3</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>206</fpage><lpage>219</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2025-09-30"><day>30</day><month>09</month><year>2025</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2025-11-17"><day>17</day><month>11</month><year>2025</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2025, Eco-Vector</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2025, Эко-Вектор</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Эко-Вектор</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" start_date="2028-12-25"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://rjonco.com/1028-9984/article/view/691726">https://rjonco.com/1028-9984/article/view/691726</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><bold>BACKGROUND: </bold>Monoclonal antibody (mAb)–drug immunoconjugates are a promising option in cancer immunotherapy. However, developing effective techniques of their synthesis remains relevant, especially when a small molecule has no mAb binding sites.</p> <p><bold>AIM: </bold>The work aimed to synthesize immunoconjugates based on two modified rhodamine B molecules and four mAbs, and to examine their molecular and functional properties.</p> <p><bold>METHODS: </bold>mAbs were conjugated to Rod-SMCC via reduced disulfide groups of immunoglobulin G (IgG). Rod-piperazine was added to oxidized IgG oligosaccharides. The synthesis was assessed using spectrophotometry. The activity of the resulting conjugates was assessed using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The molecular heterogeneity of the resulting conjugates was assessed using high-performance chromatography.</p> <p><bold>RESULTS: </bold>Rod-SMCC produced conjugates with all examined antibodies via thiol groups, with maximum saturation for each antibody. The maximum incorporation rate of approximately 10.96 ± 1.3 mol Rod per 1 mol IgG was observed for ICO 204, with approximately 5.19 ± 1.75 for trastuzumab. These Rod incorporation rates decreased after additional fractionation of the resulting immunoconjugates on a separating gel, amounting to 7.94 ± 1.8 for ICO 204 and 3.32 ± 1.2 for trastuzumab. The antigen-binding activity of ICO 204 immunoconjugates was comparable to that of native antibodies. The incorporation of Rod in immunoconjugates depended on the mAb fractionation technique. Acid elution during mAb fractionation on protein G decreased the incorporation of Rod in immunoconjugates. Rod-piperazine produced immunoconjugates with ICO 204 and trastuzumab via oxidized carbohydrate residues of antibodies. The maximum incorporation rate of rhodamine B in ICO 204 was 2.3 ± 0.3 mol per 1 mol IgG, with 0.2 ± 0.12 for trastuzumab.</p> <p><bold>CONCLUSION: </bold>Chemical synthesis was used to produce two derivatives of Rod, which initially had no IgG binding sites. These compounds were used to synthesize model immunoconjugates with high Rod incorporation rates while maintaining antigen-binding activity. This work demonstrated that immunoconjugates can be produced using pharmaceutical substances with carboxyl groups that are unsuitable for such synthesis. Furthermore, it was shown that immunoconjugates can be synthesized through carboxyl group modification of pharmaceutical substances using piperazine and SMCC.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p><bold>Обоснование. </bold>Иммуноконъюгаты на основе моноклональных антител (МКАТ) обладают высоким потенциалом в иммунотерапии рака, однако на данный момент остаётся нерешённой проблема разработки эффективных методов их получения, особенно в случае, когда низкомолекулярный агент не имеет химических групп для присоединения к МКАТ.</p> <p><bold>Цель. </bold>Синтез иммуноконъюгатов на основе двух модифицированных молекул родамина В с четырьмя МКАТ и анализ их молекулярных и функциональных свойств.</p> <p><bold>Методы. </bold>Конъюгирование МКАТ c Rod-SMCC проводилось по восстановленным дисульфидным группам иммуноглобулина G (IgG). Rod-пиперазин присоединяли к окисленным олигосахаридам IgG. Оценку проведённого синтеза осуществляли спектрофотометрическими методами. Активность полученных конъюгатов определяли с помощью иммуноферментного анализа. Молекулярную гетерогенность полученных конъюгатов анализировали путём высокоэффективной хроматографии.</p> <p><bold>Результаты. </bold>Использование Rod-SMCC позволило получить иммуноконъюгаты по тиоловым группам со всеми исследованными антителами с максимальным насыщением для каждого антитела. Максимальное включение, около 10,96±1,3 моля Rod на моль IgG, было получено для МКАТ ICO 204, около 5,19±1,75 — для Трастузумаба. Данные значения плотности включения Rod снижались при дополнительном фракционировании полученных иммуноконъюгатов на гельфильтрующем носителе и составляли 7,94±1,8 для МКАТ ICO 204 и 3,32±1,2 для Трастузумаба. Полученные иммуноконъюгаты ICO 204 сохраняли антигенсвязывающую активность, сопоставимую с нативными антителами. Была отмечена зависимость включения Rod в состав иммуноконъюгата от метода фракционирования МКАТ. Так, использование кислотной элюции при фракционировании МКАТ на протеине G снижало плотность включения Rod в состав иммуноконъюгата. Использование Rod-пиперазина позволило получить иммуноконъюгаты с МКАТ ICO 204 и Трастузумабом по окисленным углеводным остаткам антител. Максимальная плотность включения родамина В в ICO 204 составила 2,3±0,3 моля на моль IgG и 0,2±0,12 для Трастузумаба.</p> <p><bold>Заключение. </bold>В рамках выполнения работы осуществлён химический синтез двух производных Rod, изначально не имеющего химических групп для взаимодействия с IgG. На основе полученных соединений синтезированы модельные иммуноконъюгаты с высокой степенью включения Rod, сохраняющие свою антигенсвязывающую активность. Таким образом, показана возможность использования для создания иммуноконъюгатов фармакологических веществ, имеющих в своей структуре карбоксильные группы, непригодные для осуществления подобного синтеза, показана перспективность модификации фармакологических веществ по карбоксильной группе пиперазином и SMCC для получения иммуноконъюгатов.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>immunotherapy</kwd><kwd>immunoconjugates</kwd><kwd>monoclonal antibodies</kwd><kwd>rhodamine B</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>иммунотерапия</kwd><kwd>иммуноконъюгаты</kwd><kwd>моноклональные антитела</kwd><kwd>родамин В</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><award-group><funding-source><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="ru">Министерство здравоохранения Российской Федерации</institution></institution-wrap><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="en">Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation</institution></institution-wrap></funding-source><award-id>056-00065-23 ПР</award-id></award-group></funding-group></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Lu J, Ding J, Liu Z, et al. 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