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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="review-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Russian Journal of Oncology</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Russian Journal of Oncology</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Российский онкологический журнал</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">1028-9984</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2412-9119</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">694246</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17816/onco694246</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="edn">BCDHLM</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Reviews</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Научные обзоры</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Review Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Liquid biopsy in the diagnosis and monitoring of osteosarcoma: a review of current methods</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Жидкостная биопсия в диагностике и мониторинге остеосарком: обзор современных методов</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0007-3672-435X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Ikhsanova</surname><given-names>Alina F.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ихсанова</surname><given-names>Алина Фаритовна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>ihalina2002@bk.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0003-8268-4492</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Iskandarova</surname><given-names>Dinara T.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Искандарова</surname><given-names>Динара Тимеряновна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>d.iskandarova@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0006-9065-5255</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Saifutdinova</surname><given-names>Adelya R.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Сайфутдинова</surname><given-names>Аделя Рамилевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>adelya.zakirova2002@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0009-0990-3365</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Akberdina</surname><given-names>Diana A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Акбердина</surname><given-names>Диана Артуровна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>mrs.pheya@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0006-9128-4484</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Markelova</surname><given-names>Ksenia A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Маркелова</surname><given-names>Ксения Андреевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>kmarkelova51@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0002-4927-6086</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Isaev</surname><given-names>Artem A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Исаев</surname><given-names>Артём Александрович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>isaevartemtv@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0003-4418-7532</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Pardaev</surname><given-names>Asadbek A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Пардаев</surname><given-names>Асадбек Акмалович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>asadjonpardayev24@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0009-8704-5984</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Salikhova</surname><given-names>Diana D.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Салихова</surname><given-names>Диана Дамировна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>diana.salixova0851@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0004-3497-0264</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Ibatullina</surname><given-names>Karina V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ибатуллина</surname><given-names>Карина Василевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>kari_n_a22@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0000-4325-3575</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Shaimardanova</surname><given-names>Dinara M.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Шаймарданова</surname><given-names>Динара Мунировна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>shaimardanova_dinara23@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0002-6834-0186</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Sarkieva</surname><given-names>Alina A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Саркиева</surname><given-names>Алина Андреевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>ms.sarkieva@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0009-4303-1804</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Nurutdinova</surname><given-names>Leyla P.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Нурутдинова</surname><given-names>Лейла Пахрудиновна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>nurutdinovaleyl124@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Kazan State Medical University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Казанский государственный медицинский университет</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Bashkir State Medical University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Башкирский государственный медицинский университет</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff3"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Dagestan State Medical University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Дагестанский государственный медицинский университет</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="preprint" iso-8601-date="2026-01-12" publication-format="electronic"><day>12</day><month>01</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2026-02-14" publication-format="electronic"><day>14</day><month>02</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>30</volume><issue>4</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>323</fpage><lpage>337</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2025-10-27"><day>27</day><month>10</month><year>2025</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2025-11-20"><day>20</day><month>11</month><year>2025</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2025, Eco-Vector</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2025, Эко-Вектор</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Эко-Вектор</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" start_date="2029-02-14"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://eco-vector.com/for_authors.php#07</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://rjonco.com/1028-9984/article/view/694246">https://rjonco.com/1028-9984/article/view/694246</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Osteosarcoma is one of the most common primary bone cancers, predominantly affecting children and young adults, and is characterized by aggressive behavior and a high risk of metastasis. Despite the introduction of modern therapeutic methods into clinical practice, overall survival rates remain low, and traditional diagnostic and monitoring approaches, including imaging modalities and invasive tissue biopsy, are associated with a number of limitations. In this context, the development of noninvasive diagnostic strategies is of particular relevance. One of the most promising approaches is liquid biopsy, which enables the analysis of tumor-derived biomarkers circulating in the bloodstream. This narrative review analyzes current scientific data on the application of liquid biopsy for the diagnosis and monitoring of osteosarcoma. The review focuses on three key biological substrates: circulating tumor DNA, circulating tumor cells, and extracellular vesicles. The available evidence indicates that circulating tumor DNA harboring osteosarcoma-specific chromosomal aberrations enables assessment of tumor burden, prediction of treatment response, and detection of minimal residual disease. Circulating tumor cells, particularly those of mesenchymal origin, are associated with a high metastatic potential and an unfavorable prognosis. Extracellular vesicles contain a wide range of biomolecules (including microRNAs, proteins, and messenger RNAs) that are involved in intercellular communication, formation of the premetastatic niche, and development of therapy resistance. The review also summarizes contemporary analytical platforms, such as digital polymerase chain reaction, next-generation sequencing, mass cytometry, and proteomic analysis, which provide high analytical sensitivity and specificity for the detection of tumor activity biomarkers. Despite existing methodological and economic limitations, including the lack of standardization of preanalytical procedures and high costs, liquid biopsy demonstrates significant potential for the implementation of a personalized approach in the management of patients with osteosarcoma.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Остеосаркома (ОС) представляет собой одно из наиболее частых первичных злокачественных новообразований костной ткани, поражающее преимущественно детей и лиц молодого возраста и отличающееся агрессивным течением и высоким риском метастазирования. Несмотря на внедрение в клиническую практику современных терапевтических методов, показатели общей выживаемости остаются на низком уровне, а традиционные методы диагностики и мониторинга, включая методы визуализации и инвазивную тканевую биопсию, сопряжены с рядом ограничений. В связи с вышесказанным особую актуальность приобретает разработка неинвазивных диагностических методов, среди которых перспективным направлением является жидкостная биопсия (ЖБ), позволяющая проводить анализ циркулирующих в кровотоке опухолевых маркёров. В рамках настоящего обзора проведён анализ современных литературных данных, посвящённых применению ЖБ в диагностике и мониторинге ОС. Внимание сфокусировано на трёх ключевых биологических субстратах: циркулирующей опухолевой ДНК (цоДНК), циркулирующих опухолевых клетках (ЦОК) и внеклеточных везикулах (ВВ). По результатам обзора продемонстрировано, что цоДНК, несущая характерные для ОС хромосомные аберрации, предоставляет возможности для оценки опухолевой нагрузки, прогнозирования ответа на терапию и детекции минимальной исследуемой остаточной болезни. ЦОК, в особенности мезенхимального происхождения, ассоциированы с высоким метастатическим потенциалом и неблагоприятным прогнозом. ВВ, в свою очередь, содержат разнообразные биомолекулы (микроРНК, белки, мРНК), вовлечённые в процессы межклеточной коммуникации, формирования преметастатической ниши и развития резистентности к терапии. В обзоре рассмотрены современные аналитические платформы, включающие цифровую полимеразную цепную реакцию, секвенирование нового поколения, масс-цитометрию и протеомный анализ, которые обеспечивают высокую аналитическую чувствительность и специфичность при детекции маркёров активности опухоли. Несмотря на существующие методологические и экономические ограничения, такие как отсутствие стандартизации преаналитического этапа и высокая стоимость исследований, ЖБ демонстрирует большой потенциал для реализации персонализированного подхода в лечении пациентов с ОС.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>osteosarcoma</kwd><kwd>liquid biopsy</kwd><kwd>circulating tumor DNA</kwd><kwd>circulating tumor cells</kwd><kwd>extracellular vesicles</kwd><kwd>minimal residual disease</kwd><kwd>biomarkers</kwd><kwd>review</kwd><kwd>next-generation sequencing.</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>остеосаркома</kwd><kwd>жидкостная биопсия</kwd><kwd>циркулирующая опухолевая ДНК</kwd><kwd>циркулирующие опухолевые клетки</kwd><kwd>внеклеточные везикулы</kwd><kwd>минимальная остаточная болезнь</kwd><kwd>биомаркёры</kwd><kwd>обзор</kwd><kwd>секвенирование нового поколения.</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Sotnikova EA, Kiseleva ON, Kizilov AV. 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