<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE root>
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Russian Journal of Oncology</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Russian Journal of Oncology</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Российский онкологический журнал</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">1028-9984</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2412-9119</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">697157</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17816/onco697157</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="edn">GYUFKG</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Reviews</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Научные обзоры</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Spinal metastases: modern diagnostics, multimodal treatment approaches, and long-term outcomes</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Метастатическое поражение позвоночника: современная диагностика, мультимодальный подход к лечению и отдаленные прогнозы</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1533-7154</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">3362-5230</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Nazarov</surname><given-names>Anvar F.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Назаров</surname><given-names>Анвар Фаритович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>mr.anvar-nazarov@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0009-8034-3700</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">6759-8903</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Karaguzin</surname><given-names>Rail A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Карагузин</surname><given-names>Раиль Альфредович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>beep.boy.official@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0008-9286-168X</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">7499-6176</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Khalilov</surname><given-names>Danil I.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Халилов</surname><given-names>Данил Ильмирович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>halilovdanil2001@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0009-1176-6371</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">5165-9241</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Akhmerov</surname><given-names>Nadir B.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ахмеров</surname><given-names>Надир Булатович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>ahmerov@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0000-3340-9273</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Volkova</surname><given-names>Elena N.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Волкова</surname><given-names>Елена Николаевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>ven-2002@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0007-5585-4870</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Baiguvatova</surname><given-names>Kamila A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Байгуватова</surname><given-names>Камила Азаматовна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>Kamila205080@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Bashkir State Medical University, Ufa</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Башкирский государственный медицинский университет, Уфа</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="preprint" iso-8601-date="2026-05-04" publication-format="electronic"><day>04</day><month>05</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>31</volume><issue>1</issue><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2025-11-28"><day>28</day><month>11</month><year>2025</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2025-12-25"><day>25</day><month>12</month><year>2025</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; , Eco-Vector</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; , Эко-Вектор</copyright-statement><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Эко-Вектор</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" start_date="2028-12-27"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://eco-vector.com/for_authors.php#07</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://rjonco.com/1028-9984/article/view/697157">https://rjonco.com/1028-9984/article/view/697157</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>This review provides a comprehensive analysis of modern aspects of the diagnosis, treatment, and outcome prediction in patients with spinal metastases. The relevance of the topic is underscored by the high incidence of this pathology. The work examines the pathogenetic mechanisms of spinal metastases development, which involve various molecular pathways, such as RANK/RANKL/OPG, in the process of bone destruction, and the clinical presentation characterized by pain syndrome, neurological deficits, and a high risk of pathological fractures. Particular attention is paid to modern diagnostic methods<bold>:</bold> positron emission tomography (PET) and single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT/CT), which are used for the early detection of metastatic disease. The importance of morphological tumor identification through histological methods using image-guided percutaneous biopsy is highlighted. The contemporary multimodal approach to the treatment of spinal metastases is based on the NOMS (Neurologic, Oncologic, Mechanical, Systemic) framework, which integrates the assessment of neurological status, tumor characteristics, spinal mechanical stability (using the SINS score), and systemic risk factors. The management of spinal metastases includes conservative therapy (antiresorptive agents and analgesics), stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS/SBRT), minimally invasive surgical techniques (vertebroplasty, kyphoplasty), and open surgical procedures (separation surgery and decompressive-stabilizing operations). A personalized, multidisciplinary approach, founded on the integration of various treatment modalities, enables effective disease control and enhances patients' quality of life through efficient pain management, correction of neurological impairments, and early mobilization. The review also explores promising directions for targeted therapy, enabled by a deeper understanding of the RSPO2/LGR4 signaling pathway, and the application of artificial intelligence technologies to improve the diagnostic accuracy for spinal metastases.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Обзор посвящен комплексному анализу современных аспектов диагностики, лечения и прогнозирования исходов у пациентов с метастатическим поражением позвоночника (МПП). Актуальность темы обусловлена<bold> </bold>тем, что данная патология широко распространена. В работе рассмотрены патогенетические механизмы развития МПП, задействующие различные молекулярные механизмы, такие как RANK/RANKL/OPG в процессе костной деструкции; клиническая картина, характеризующаяся болевым синдромом, а также неврологическими нарушениями и высоким риском патологических переломов. Отдельное внимание уделено современным методам диагностики<bold>:</bold> позитронно-эмиссионная томография (ПЭТ) и однофотонная эмиссионная компьютерная томография (ОФЭКТ/КТ), которые используются для обнаружения метастатического процесса. Отмечена значимость морфологической идентификации опухоли с помощью гистологических методов с использованием чрескожной биопсии под визуализационным контролем. Мультимодальный подход к лечению МПП основан на методологии NOMS (Neurologic, Oncologic, Mechanical, Systemic), которая объединяет в себе оценку неврологических нарушений, характеристики опухоли, механической стабильности позвоночного столба (с использованием шкалы SINS) и системных факторов риска. Лечение МПП подразумевает консервативную терапию (антирезорбтивные препараты и анальгетики), стереотаксическую радиохирургию (SRS/SBRT), минимально инвазивные оперативные методы (вертебропластика, кифопластика) и открытые оперативные методы (сепарационные и декомпрессивно-стабилизирующие операции). Персонализированный мультидисциплинарный подход, основанный на интеграции различных методов, позволяет достичь эффективного контроля над течением заболевания, а также повышает качество жизни пациентов за счет регулирования сопутствующего болевого синдрома, коррекции нарушения неврологических функций и ранней мобилизации. В обзоре рассмотрены перспективные направления таргетной терапии, возможной при глубоком изучении сигнального пути RSPO2/LGR4 и применения технологий искусственного интеллекта с целью повышения диагностической точности МПП.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>spinal metastases</kwd><kwd>cancer diagnosis</kwd><kwd>neuroimaging techniques</kwd><kwd>spinal MRI, PET-CT of the spine</kwd><kwd>multimodal treatment</kwd><kwd>stereotactic radiosurgery</kwd><kwd>separation surgery</kwd><kwd>vertebroplasty</kwd><kwd>prognostic models</kwd><kwd>cancer survival.</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>метастазы позвоночника</kwd><kwd>диагностика онкологических заболеваний</kwd><kwd>методы нейровизуализации</kwd><kwd>магнитно-резонансная томография (МРТ) позвоночника</kwd><kwd>позитронно-эмиссионная томография, совмещённая с компьютерной томографией (ПЭТ-КТ) позвоночного столба</kwd><kwd>мультимодальное лечение</kwd><kwd>стереотаксическая радиохирургия</kwd><kwd>сепарационная хирургия</kwd><kwd>вертебропластика</kwd><kwd>прогностические модели</kwd><kwd>онкологическая выживаемость.</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Van den Brande R, Cornips EM, Peeters M, et al. Epidemiology of spinal metastases, metastatic epidural spinal cord compression and pathologic vertebral compression fractures in patients with solid tumors: a systematic review. Journal of Bone Oncology. 2022;35:100446. doi: 10.1016/j.jbo.2022.100446 EDN: XZRVSM</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B2"><label>2.</label><mixed-citation>Zaborovskiy NS, Ptashnikov DA, Topuzov EE, et al. Epidemiology of spinal tumors in patients receiving specialized orthopedic care. Traumatology and Orthopedics of Russia. 2019;25(1):104–112. (In Russ.). doi: 10.21823/2311-2905-2019-25-1-104-112 EDN: ZELXRB</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B3"><label>3.</label><mixed-citation>Shakil H, Malhotra AK, Badhiwala JH, et al. Contemporary trends in the incidence and timing of spinal metastases: A population-based study. Neuro-Oncology Advances. 2024;6(1):vdae051. doi: 10.1093/noajnl/vdae051 EDN: XLMOIQ</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B4"><label>4.</label><mixed-citation>Wewel JT, O'Toole JE. Epidemiology of spinal cord and column tumors. Neuro-Oncology Practice. 2020;7(Suppl 1):i5–i9. doi: 10.1093/nop/npaa046 EDN: SATWFU</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B5"><label>5.</label><mixed-citation>Vavourakis M, Sakellariou E, Galanis A, et al. Comprehensive Insights into Metastasis-Associated Spinal Cord Compression: Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prognosis: A State-of-the-Art Systematic Review. Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2024;13(12):3590. doi: 10.3390/jcm13123590 EDN: EBJPRP</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B6"><label>6.</label><mixed-citation>Li XM, Jin LB. Perioperative mortality of metastatic spinal disease with unknown primary: A case report and review of literature. World Journal of Clinical Cases. 2021;9(2):379–388. doi: 10.12998/wjcc.v9.i2.379 EDN: OLQRYL</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B7"><label>7.</label><mixed-citation>Esperança-Martins M, Roque D, Barroso T, et al. Multidisciplinary Approach to Spinal Metastases and Metastatic Spinal Cord Compression — A New Integrative Flowchart for Patient Management. Cancers. 2023;15(6):1796. doi: 10.3390/cancers15061796 EDN: ABCODG</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B8"><label>8.</label><mixed-citation>Teplyakov VV, Shaposhnikov AA, Sergeev PS, et al. Demand of surgical component in complex treatment metastatic bone disease. Bone and soft tissue sarcomas, tumors of the skin. 2016;8(1):16–28. EDN: XSAPZX</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B9"><label>9.</label><mixed-citation>Terzi S, Griffoni C, Rosa S, et al. Health-related quality of life after surgery for spinal metastases. Journal of Bone Oncology. 2025;52:100675. doi: 10.1016/j.jbo.2025.100675 EDN: NDDQMB</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B10"><label>10.</label><mixed-citation>Wang F, Zhang H, Yang L, et al. Epidemiological characteristics of 1196 patients with spinal metastases: a retrospective study. Orthopaedic Surgery. 2019;11(6):1048–1053. doi: 10.1111/os.12552</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B11"><label>11.</label><mixed-citation>Zhao YJ, Cao HY, Zhu XD, et al. Epidemiology and surgical management of the lower lumbar spinal metastases in China: a multicenter retrospective study. Scientific Reports. 2025;15:31142. doi: 10.1038/s41598-025-17125-8 EDN: SLOZVC</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B12"><label>12.</label><mixed-citation>Infante M, Fabi A, Cognetti F, et al. RANKL/RANK/OPG system beyond bone remodeling: involvement in breast cancer and clinical perspectives. Journal of Experimental &amp; Clinical Cancer Research. 2019;38:12. doi: 10.1186/s13046-018-1001-2 EDN: UYWLVO</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B13"><label>13.</label><mixed-citation>Gkikopoulou E, Syrigos C-C, Mantogiannakou I, et al. RANKL Drives Bone Metastasis in Mammary Cancer: Protective Effects of Anti-Resorptive Treatments. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2025;26(11):4990. doi: 10.3390/ijms26114990 EDN: UULEKR</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B14"><label>14.</label><mixed-citation>Yue Z, Niu X, Yuan Z, et al. RSPO2 and RANKL signal through LGR4 to regulate osteoclastic premetastatic niche formation and bone metastasis. Journal of Clinical Investigation. 2022;132(2):e144579. doi: 10.1172/JCI144579 EDN: FHGRLQ</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B15"><label>15.</label><mixed-citation>Van den Brande R, Billiet C, Peeters M, Van de Kelft E. Spinal Metastases of the Vertebrae: Three Main Categories of Pain. Life. 2024;14(8):988. doi: 10.3390/life14080988 EDN: ARYFFT</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B16"><label>16.</label><mixed-citation>Lyulin SV, Osyankin AV, Ivliev DS, et al. Diagnosis and surgical treatment of metastatic spinal lesions: opportunities and prospects. Russian Neurosurgical Journal named after Professor A.L. Polenov. 2020;12(2):69–78.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B17"><label>17.</label><mixed-citation>Chu ECP, Trager RJ, Lee WT, et al. Lung cancer with vertebral metastases presenting as low back pain in the chiropractic office: a case report. Cureus. 2023;15(2):e34821. doi: 10.7759/cureus.34821 EDN: ELJAVG</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B18"><label>18.</label><mixed-citation>Liu G, Li Q, Ruan H, et al. Cauda Equina Syndrome Without Perineal Sensory Changes or Lower Extremity Neurological Deficits Following Postoperative Spinal Epidural Hematoma: A Case Report and Literature Review. Orthopaedic Surgery. 2025;17(2):653–659. doi: 10.1111/os.14271 EDN: CBGVUC</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B19"><label>19.</label><mixed-citation>Kanematsu R, Hanakita J, Takahashi T, et al. Improvement in Neurogenic Bowel and Bladder Dysfunction Following Posterior Decompression Surgery for Cauda Equina Syndrome: A Prospective Cohort Study. Neurospine. 2021;18(4):847–853. doi: 10.14245/ns.2142252.126 EDN: VDPZZD</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B20"><label>20.</label><mixed-citation>Zorin VI, Mushkin AY, Novitskaya TA. Pathological vertebral fractures in children (brief literature review and clinical and morphological analysis of a monocentric cohort). Pediatric Traumatology, Orthopaedics and Reconstructive Surgery. 2020;8(1):5–14. doi: 10.17816/PTORS19015 EDN: KJBGDL</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B21"><label>21.</label><mixed-citation>Capp JC, Pennington Z, Hamouda A, et al. Risk factors for early pathological fracture following stereotactic body radiation therapy for spinal metastases. Neurosurgical Focus. 2025;58(5):E13. doi: 10.3171/2025.2.FOCUS24905 EDN: HLZVON</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B22"><label>22.</label><mixed-citation>Yang L, Wang F, Zhang H, et al. Patient characteristics following surgery for spinal metastases: a multicenter retrospective study. Orthopaedic Surgery. 2019;11(6):1039–1047. doi: 10.1111/os.12551</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B23"><label>23.</label><mixed-citation>Serratrice N, Faddoul J, Tarabay B et al. Ten years after SINS: role of surgery and radiotherapy in the management of patients with vertebral metastases. Frontiers in Oncology. 2022;12:802595. doi: 10.3389/fonc.2022.802595 EDN: LIKTWA</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B24"><label>24.</label><mixed-citation>Harlianto NI, van der Star S, Suelmann BBM, et al. Diagnostic accuracy of imaging modalities for detection of spinal metastases: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clinical and Translational Oncology. 2025;27:2316–2326. doi: 10.1007/s12094-024-03765-1 EDN: LXHMDS</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B25"><label>25.</label><mixed-citation>Bruckmann NM, Kirchner J, Umutlu L, et al. Prospective comparison of the diagnostic accuracy of 18F-FDG PET/MRI, MRI, CT, and bone scintigraphy for the detection of bone metastases in the initial staging of primary breast cancer patients. European Radiology. 2021;31:8714–8724. doi: 10.1007/s00330-021-07956-0 EDN: DCQORP</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B26"><label>26.</label><mixed-citation>Byvaltsev VA, Stepanov IA, Kichigin AI. Possibilities of diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging in the diagnosis of spinal cord tumors. Vestnik Rentgenologii i Radiologii. 2018;99(2):101–107. doi: 10.20862/0042-4676-2018-99-2-101-107 EDN: XOIQGD</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B27"><label>27.</label><mixed-citation>Jha A, Patel M, Ling A, et al. Diagnostic performance of [68Ga]DOTATATE PET/CT, [18F]FDG PET/CT, MRI of the spine, and whole-body diagnostic CT and MRI in the detection of spinal bone metastases associated with pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma. European Radiology. 2024;34:6488–6498. doi: 10.1007/s00330-024-10652-4 EDN: LJQMBT</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B28"><label>28.</label><mixed-citation>Fan X, Zhang H, Yin Y, et al. Texture analysis of 18F-FDG PET/CT for differential diagnosis spinal metastases. Frontiers in Medicine. 2021;7:605746. doi: 10.3389/fmed.2020.605746 EDN: YCYHPA</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B29"><label>29.</label><mixed-citation>Ryzhkov AD, Krylov AS, Bludov AB, et al. Osteoscintigraphy and SPECT/CT in the diagnosis of various types of metastatic bone lesions. Meditsinskaya Radiologiya i Radiatsionnaya Bezopasnost. 2018;63(2):41–46. doi: 10.12737/article_5ac61fd62feba6.78437892 EDN: YWFBNS</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B30"><label>30.</label><mixed-citation>Ryzhkov AD, Krylov AS, Shchipakhina YaA, et al. Diagnosis of skeletal metastases by SPECT/CT. Onkologicheskii Zhurnal: Luchevaya Diagnostika, Luchevaya Terapiya. 2018;1(3):21–26. doi: 10.37174/2587-7593-2018-1-3-21-26</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B31"><label>31.</label><mixed-citation>Kundaktepe BP, Sozer V, Kundaktepe FO, et al. Association between Bone Mineral Density and Bone Turnover Markers in Breast Cancer Patients and Bone-Only Metastasis. Medicina. 2021;57(9):880. doi: 10.3390/medicina57090880 EDN: WJJHCU</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B32"><label>32.</label><mixed-citation>Lorentzon M, Branco J, Brandi ML, et al. Algorithm for the Use of Biochemical Markers of Bone Turnover in the Diagnosis, Assessment and Follow-Up of Treatment for Osteoporosis. Advances in Therapy. 2019;36:2811–2824. doi: 10.1007/s12325-019-01063-9 EDN: PLZWVN</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B33"><label>33.</label><mixed-citation>Ying M, Mao J, Sheng L, et al. Biomarkers for Prostate Cancer Bone Metastasis Detection and Prediction. Journal of Personalized Medicine. 2023;13(5):705. doi: 10.3390/jpm13050705 EDN: TSCZMG</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B34"><label>34.</label><mixed-citation>Golounina OO, Belaya ZHE. Bone remodeling markers and their significance in oncological diseases. Meditsinskii Sovet. 2021;(7):120–132. doi: 10.21518/2079-701X-2021-7-120-132 EDN: ANXREP</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B35"><label>35.</label><mixed-citation>Oka M, Suzuki A, Terai H, et al. Factors Predicting the Final Diagnosis in Image-Guided Percutaneous Needle Biopsy for Suspected Spinal Tumors. Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2023;12(13):4292. doi: 10.3390/jcm12134292 EDN: DHFXVT</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B36"><label>36.</label><mixed-citation>Eldawoody H, Abouhashem S. The Role of CT-guided Biopsy in the Management of Spinal Lesions. The Internet Journal of Neurosurgery. 2018;14(1). doi: 10.5580/IJNS.52885</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B37"><label>37.</label><mixed-citation>Zhou F, Niu N, Liang Q, et al. Clinical application of a modified percutaneous vertebroplasty instrument in vertebral body biopsy in adults. BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders. 2022;23:163. doi: 10.1186/s12891-022-05117-y EDN: YRHZQM</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B38"><label>38.</label><mixed-citation>Tanaka M, Sonawane S, Uotani K, et al. Percutaneous C-Arm Free O-Arm Navigated Biopsy for Spinal Pathologies: A Technical Note. Diagnostics. 2021;11(4):636. doi: 10.3390/diagnostics11040636 EDN: MZOQNA</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B39"><label>39.</label><mixed-citation>Masuda K, Ebata K, Yasuhara Y, et al. Outcomes and Prognosis of Neurological Decompression and Stabilization for Spinal Metastasis: Is Assessment with the Spinal Instability Neoplastic Score Useful for Predicting Surgical Results? Asian Spine Journal. 2018;12(5):846–853. doi: 10.31616/asj.2018.12.5.846</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B40"><label>40.</label><mixed-citation>Ong W, Zhu L, Zhang W, et al. Application of Artificial Intelligence Methods for Imaging of Spinal Metastasis. Cancers. 2022;14(16):4025. doi: 10.3390/cancers14164025 EDN: KDIYPP</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B41"><label>41.</label><mixed-citation>Jin Z, Wang Y, Wang Y, et al. Application of 18F-FDG PET-CT images based radiomics in identifying vertebral multiple myeloma and bone metastases. Frontiers in Medicine. 2022;9:874847. doi: 10.3389/fmed.2022.874847 EDN: SNCVRI</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B42"><label>42.</label><mixed-citation>Möller H, Graf R, Schmitt J, et al. SPINEPS-automatic whole spine segmentation of T2-weighted MR images using a two-phase approach to multi-class semantic and instance segmentation. European Radiology. 2025;35:1178–1189. doi: 10.1007/s00330-024-11155-y EDN: XDUHQU</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B43"><label>43.</label><mixed-citation>Kim DH, Seo J, Lee JH, et al. Automated Detection and Segmentation of Bone Metastases on Spine MRI Using U-Net: A Multicenter Study. Korean Journal of Radiology. 2024;25(4):363–373. doi: 10.3348/kjr.2023.0671 EDN: HFPVOJ</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B44"><label>44.</label><mixed-citation>Kim YR, Lee CH, Yang SH, et al. Accuracy and precision of the spinal instability neoplastic score (SINS) for predicting vertebral compression fractures after radiotherapy in spinal metastases: a meta-analysis. Scientific Reports. 2021;11:5553. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-84975-3 EDN: JQTBUR</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B45"><label>45.</label><mixed-citation>Park T, Yoon MA, Cho YC, et al. Automated segmentation of the fractured vertebrae on CT and its applicability in a radiomics model to predict fracture malignancy. Scientific Reports. 2022;12:6735. doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-10807-7 EDN: MXIMSN</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B46"><label>46.</label><mixed-citation>Li WG, Zeng R, Lu Y, et al. The value of radiomics-based CT combined with machine learning in the diagnosis of occult vertebral fractures. BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders. 2023;24:819. doi: 10.1186/s12891-023-06939-0 EDN: SZCXGD</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B47"><label>47.</label><mixed-citation>Shi X, Cui Y, Wang S, et al. Development and validation of a web-based artificial intelligence prediction model to assess massive intraoperative blood loss for metastatic spinal disease using machine learning techniques. The Spine Journal. 2024;24(1):146–160. doi: 10.1016/j.spinee.2023.09.001 EDN: MVOWSA</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B48"><label>48.</label><mixed-citation>Jiang W, Zhang J, Shi W, et al. An artificial intelligence platform for predicting postoperative complications in metastatic spinal surgery: development and validation study. Journal of Big Data. 2025;12:120. doi: 10.1186/s40537-025-01155-0 EDN: TUODRO</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B49"><label>49.</label><mixed-citation>Uei H, Tokuhashi Y, Maseda M, et al. Comparison between minimally invasive spine stabilization with and without posterior decompression for the management of spinal metastases: a retrospective cohort study. Journal of Orthopaedic Surgery and Research. 2018;13:87. doi: 10.1186/s13018-018-0777-2 EDN: TQVQWO</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B50"><label>50.</label><mixed-citation>Ho UC, Lai DM, Xiao FR, et al. Spinal cord compression as the first manifestation of metastatic malignancies: A retrospective study of surgical outcomes from a single institution. Asian Journal of Surgery. 2024;47(8):3442–3447. doi: 10.1016/j.asjsur.2023.08.159</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B51"><label>51.</label><mixed-citation>Cassidy JT, Baker JF, Lenehan B. The role of prognostic scoring systems in assessing surgical candidacy for patients with vertebral metastasis: a narrative review. Global Spine Journal. 2018;8(6):638–651. doi: 10.1177/2192568217750125</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B52"><label>52.</label><mixed-citation>Nakajima H, Watanabe S, Honjoh K, et al. Surgical strategy for metastatic spinal tumors based on Spine Instability Neoplastic Score and patient-reported outcomes: JASA multicenter prospective study. Journal of Neurosurgery: Spine. 2024;42(2):203–214. doi: 10.3171/2024.7.SPINE24340</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B53"><label>53.</label><mixed-citation>Kosimshoev MA, Evsyukov AV, Kubetsky YuE, et al. Prognostic significance of the Tokuhashi scale in choosing the method of surgical treatment for metastatic spinal lesions. Sarcoma of Bones, Soft Tissues and Skin Tumors. 2021;13(3):63–75. doi: 10.17650/2782-3687-2021-13-3-63-75</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B54"><label>54.</label><mixed-citation>Kontakis MG, Tsagkozis P. Can Survival Scoring Systems for Spinal Metastases be Used to Predict Postoperative Neurologic Recovery? A Retrospective Study on 204 Patients With Thoracolumbar Metastases Treated at a Tertiary Center. Global Spine Journal. 2025;15(1):136–142. doi: 10.1177/21925682241262691 EDN: TGEWBF</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B55"><label>55.</label><mixed-citation>Park SJ, Park JS, Kang DH, Lee CS. Which Prognostic Model Best Predicts Poor Prognosis in Patients with Spinal Metastases? A Comparative Analysis of 8 Scoring Systems. World Neurosurgery. 2025;193:553–566. doi: 10.1016/j.wneu.2024.09.123 EDN: JCHQHG</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B56"><label>56.</label><mixed-citation>Yan YM, Zhong GQ, Lai HH, et al. Comparing the Accuracy of Seven Scoring Systems in Predicting Survival of Lung Cancer Patients With Spinal Metastases: An External Validation From Two Centers. Spine. 2023;48(14):1009–1016. doi: 10.1097/BRS.0000000000004576 EDN: EXMVWQ</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B57"><label>57.</label><mixed-citation>Sinaga BD, Tobing SDL. The approach of noms framework in the management of spinal metastasis. Coluna/Columna. 2024;23(3):e287910. doi: 10.1590/S1808-185120242303287910 EDN: MZWPHO</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B58"><label>58.</label><mixed-citation>Newman WC, Larsen AG, Bilsky MH. The NOMS approach to metastatic tumors: integrating new technologies to improve outcomes. Revista Española de Cirugía Ortopédica y Traumatología. 2023;67(6):487–499. doi: 10.1016/j.recot.2023.04.008 EDN: EFOUCI</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B59"><label>59.</label><mixed-citation>Ordaz-Ramos A, Rosales-Gallegos VH, Melendez-Zajgla J, et al. The Role of LGR4 (GPR48) in Normal and Cancer Processes. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2021;22(9):4690. doi: 10.3390/ijms22094690 EDN: NFJEEO</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B60"><label>60.</label><mixed-citation>Lim W. LGR4 (GPR48): The Emerging Inter-Bridge in Osteoimmunology. Biomedicines. 2025;13(3):607. doi: 10.3390/biomedicines13030607 EDN: LQSWNE</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B61"><label>61.</label><mixed-citation>Menshawy A, Mattar O, Abdulkarim A, et al. Denosumab versus bisphosphonates in patients with advanced cancers-related bone metastasis: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Supportive Care in Cancer. 2018;26:1029–1038. doi: 10.1007/s00520-018-4060-1 EDN: YECNET</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B62"><label>62.</label><mixed-citation>Kim AS, Girgis CM, McDonald MM. Osteoclast Recycling and the Rebound Phenomenon Following Denosumab Discontinuation. Current Osteoporosis Reports. 2022;20:505–515. doi: 10.1007/s11914-022-00756-5 EDN: LHRPFY</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B63"><label>63.</label><mixed-citation>Mjelstad A, Zakariasson G, Valachis A. Optimizing antiresorptive treatment in patients with bone metastases: time to initiation, switching strategies, and treatment duration. Supportive Care in Cancer. 2019;27:3859–3867. doi: 10.1007/s00520-019-04676-6 EDN: QTIBYH</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B64"><label>64.</label><mixed-citation>Stavropoulos A, Bertl K, Pietschmann P, et al. The effect of antiresorptive drugs on implant therapy: Systematic review and meta‐analysis. Clinical Oral Implants Research. 2018;29:54–92. doi: 10.1111/clr.13282</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B65"><label>65.</label><mixed-citation>Jung J, Shim GJ, Park JS, et al. Effect of anti-resorptive therapy on implant failure: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Periodontal &amp; Implant Science. 2025;55(2):87–103. doi: 10.5051/jpis.2304040202 EDN: JXWSKL</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B66"><label>66.</label><mixed-citation>Vladimirova LYu, Abramova NA, Lyanova AA, et al. Denosumab in the treatment of bone metastases of solid tumors. Farmateka. 2018;7(360):76–81. doi: 10.18565/pharmateca.2018.7.76-80</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B67"><label>67.</label><mixed-citation>Mesny E, Martz N, Stacoffe N et al. State-of-the-art of multidisciplinary approach of bone metastasis-directed therapy: review and challenging questions for preparation of a GEMO practice guidelines. Cancer and Metastasis Reviews. 2025;44:45. doi: 10.1007/s10555-025-10262-6 EDN: YSDWZA</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B68"><label>68.</label><mixed-citation>Ito K, Saito T, Nakamura N, et al. Stereotactic body radiotherapy versus conventional radiotherapy for painful bone metastases: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. Radiation Oncology. 2022;17:156. doi: 10.1186/s13014-022-02128-w EDN: LBAZPM</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B69"><label>69.</label><mixed-citation>Guckenberger M, Dahele M, Ong WL, Sahgal A. Stereotactic body radiation therapy for spinal metastases: Benefits and limitations. Seminars in Radiation Oncology. 2023;33(2):159–171. doi: 10.1016/j.semradonc.2022.11.006 EDN: QHIJHU</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B70"><label>70.</label><mixed-citation>Zeng KL, Tseng CL, Soliman H, et al. Stereotactic Body Radiotherapy (SBRT) for Oligometastatic Spine Metastases: An Overview. Frontiers in Oncology. 2019;9:337. doi: 10.3389/fonc.2019.00337</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B71"><label>71.</label><mixed-citation>Dason S, Geynisman DM, Salama AK et al. State of the Art: Multidisciplinary Management of Oligometastatic Renal Cell Carcinoma. American Society of Clinical Oncology Educational Book. 2023;43:e390038. doi: 10.1200/EDBK_390038 EDN: QJSYRU</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B72"><label>72.</label><mixed-citation>Meyer M, Farah K, Aurélie T, et al. Management of Spinal Metastasis by Minimally Invasive Surgical Techniques: Surgical Principles and Indications-A Literature Review. Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2023;12(16):5165. doi: 10.3390/jcm12165165 EDN: PSBCTK</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B73"><label>73.</label><mixed-citation>Pennington Z, Ahmed AK, Molina CA, et al. Minimally invasive versus conventional spine surgery for vertebral metastases: a systematic review of the evidence. Annals of Translational Medicine. 2018;6(6):103. doi: 10.21037/atm.2018.01.28</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B74"><label>74.</label><mixed-citation>Ntilikina Y, Collinet A, Tigan LV, et al. Comparison of open versus minimally invasive surgery in the treatment of thoracolumbar metastases. Orthopaedics &amp; Traumatology: Surgery &amp; Research. 2022;108(4):103274. doi: 10.1016/j.otsr.2022.103274 EDN: HVPQJD</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B75"><label>75.</label><mixed-citation>Park K, Son S, Lee SG, et al. An updated algorithm for the treatment of spinal metastasis. Journal of the Korean Society of Stereotactic and Functional Neurosurgery. 2021;17(2):70–77. doi: 10.52662/jksfn.2021.00087 EDN: VYIBJT</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B76"><label>76.</label><mixed-citation>Yahanda AT, Buchowski JM, Wegner AM. Treatment, complications, and outcomes of metastatic disease of the spine: from Patchell to PROMIS. Annals of Translational Medicine. 2019;7(10):216. doi: 10.21037/atm.2019.04.83</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B77"><label>77.</label><mixed-citation>Kuparadze I, Fadeev EM, Usikov VV, et al. Reconstructive and stabilizing interventions in the complex therapy of patients with solitary spinal metastases. Mediko-Farmatsevticheskii Zhurnal "Pul's". 2022;24(6):94–99. doi: 10.26787/nydha-2686-6838-2022-24-6-94-99 EDN: GTIAMH</mixed-citation></ref></ref-list></back></article>
