<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE root>
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Russian Journal of Oncology</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Russian Journal of Oncology</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Российский онкологический журнал</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">1028-9984</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2412-9119</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">703999</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17816/onco703999</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="edn">JAVUJO</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Original Study Articles</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Оригинальные исследования</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Resection margin width as a risk factor for hepatocellular carcinoma recurrence</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Ширина края резекции как фактор риска возврата развития рака печени</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0495-8585</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">3108-1094</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kamalova</surname><given-names>Milyausha A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Камалова</surname><given-names>Миляуша Анасовна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>milyausha.kamalova.97@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1879-6978</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">3710-8052</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Trifanov</surname><given-names>Vladimir S.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Трифанов</surname><given-names>Владимир Сергеевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Dr. Sci. (Medicine), Assistant Professor</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р мед. наук, доцент</p></bio><email>trifan1975@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2427-9232</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">5619-4469</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Chernichenko</surname><given-names>Maria A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Черниченко</surname><given-names>Мария Андреевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Cand. Si. (Medicine)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. мед. наук</p></bio><email>mashustic04@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5676-4224</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">2134-1092</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Moshurov</surname><given-names>Ruslan I.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Мошуров</surname><given-names>Руслан Иванович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Cand. Sci. (Medicine)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. мед. наук</p></bio><email>ruslan4ic93@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">National Medical Research Radiological Center</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Национальный медицинский исследовательский центр радиологии</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="preprint" iso-8601-date="2026-05-04" publication-format="electronic"><day>04</day><month>05</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2026-06-23" publication-format="electronic"><day>23</day><month>06</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>31</volume><issue>1</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>14</fpage><lpage>24</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2026-03-09"><day>09</day><month>03</month><year>2026</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2026-04-01"><day>01</day><month>04</month><year>2026</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2026, Eco-Vector</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2026, Эко-Вектор</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Эко-Вектор</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" start_date="2029-06-23"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://eco-vector.com/for_authors.php#07</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://rjonco.com/1028-9984/article/view/703999">https://rjonco.com/1028-9984/article/view/703999</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><bold>Background: </bold>Surgery is the main treatment modality for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However, not all patients die from cancer. Some deaths result from progression of the underlying liver disease and hepatic insufficiency. Factors that increase the risk of cancer recurrence after surgery are now actively being sought. According to published data, risk factors include tumor size and number, the degree of tumor cell differentiation, viral etiology of HCC, vascular invasion (hepatic veins and portal vein), and high alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) levels. However, the question of how resection margin width affects recurrence remains open. In our study, we showed that margin width does indeed influence recurrence.</p> <p><bold>Aim: </bold>To evaluate how resection margin status affects tumor recurrence and survival after surgical treatment for HCC.</p> <p><bold>Methods: </bold>We conducted a study with prospective outcome assessment. The analysis included 55 patients with morphologically verified HCC who underwent liver resection of various volumes (anatomical, atypical, hemihepatectomy) at the P.A. Hertzen Moscow Oncology Research Institute between 2010 and 2024. Follow-up was performed every 3 months, with documentation of recurrence episodes and deaths. The study groups (margin &lt;1 cm vs. ≥1 cm) were comparable in terms of age, sex, BCLC stage, and liver function (<italic>p</italic> &gt; 0.05). Overall survival (OS) was defined as the time from surgery to death; recurrence-free survival (RFS) was defined as the time from surgery to first confirmed progression. Analysis was performed using Kaplan–Meier methods and Spearman correlation in IBM SPSS Statistics 25.</p> <p><bold>Results: </bold>Mean overall survival was 24 months, and mean recurrencefree survival was 12 months; cumulative 1, 3, and 5year OS rates were 62.0%, 33.0%, and 18.0%, respectively. Spearman correlation coefficient between resection margin width and OS was ρ = 0.25 (<italic>p</italic> = 0.31), and between margin width and RFS was ρ = 0.26 (<italic>p</italic> = 0.29). Patients with a resection margin &gt;1 cm showed a trend toward improved OS and RFS; however, no statistically significant differences between the subgroups were identified.</p> <p><bold>Conclusion: </bold>Resection margin width was not a significant factor for OS or RFS on multivariate Cox analysis (HR = 0.74 and 0.72, respectively). Important predictors of OS were BCLC stage B/C (HR = 2.14; 95% CI: 1.14–4.02; <italic>p</italic> = 0.017) and microvascular invasion (HR = 1.87; 95% CI: 1.02–3.44; <italic>p</italic> = 0.044). In patients with a margin ≥1 cm, OS improved (median 29 vs. 19 months) and the recurrence rate decreased (75.0% vs. 92.6%), confirming the oncologic benefit of achieving a wide resection margin, especially in the presence of microvascular invasion (MVI).</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p><bold>Обоснование.</bold> Хирургия — основной метод лечения гепатоцеллюлярного рака (ГЦР). Но не все пациенты умирают от рака. Некоторые летальные исходы случаются от прогрессирования фонового заболевания печени и печёночной недостаточности. Сейчас активно ищет факторы, увеличивающие риск возвращения рака после операции. По данным литературы, к факторам повышенного риска относят размеры и количество опухолей, степень отличия клетокки опухоли от нормальных клеток ткани, вирусную этиологию ГЦР, прорастание в вены печени и в воротную вену, высокий уровень альфа-фетопротеина (АФП). Однако вопрос о влиянии ширины края резекции на рецидив остаётся открытым. В нашем исследовании мы показали, что ширина края действительно влияет на развитие рецидива.</p> <p><bold>Цель. </bold>Оценить, как состояние края резекции влияет на повторное появление опухоли и выживаемость после хирургического лечения при ГЦР.</p> <p><bold>Методы.</bold> мы провели исследование с проспективной оценкой исходов. В анализ включены 55 пациентов с морфологически верифицированной ГЦК, перенёсших резекцию печени различного объёма (анатомическую, атипичную, гемигепатэктомию) в МНИОИ им. П.А. Герцена в период 2010–2024 годов. Наблюдение проводилось каждые 3 мес. с фиксацией эпизодов рецидива и летальных исходов. Группы сравнения (край &lt;1 см и ≥1 см) были сопоставимы по возрасту, полу, стадии BCLC и функции печени (<italic>p </italic>&gt;0,05) Общая выживаемость (ОВ) определялась от даты операции до смерти, безрецидивная выживаемость (БРВ) — от даты операции до первого подтверждённого прогрессирования. Анализ проводился с помощью методов Каплана–Майера и корреляции Спирмена в IBM SPSS Statistics 25.</p> <p><bold>Результаты. </bold>Средняя продолжительность жизни<bold> </bold>составила 24 мес., а без рецидива — 12 мес.; кумулятивная 1-, 3- и 5-летняя ОВ — 62,0%, 33,0% и 18,0% соответственно. Коэффициент корреляции Спирмена между шириной края резекции и ОВ составил ρ=0,25 (<italic>p</italic>=0,31), между шириной края и БРВ — ρ=0,26 (<italic>p</italic>=0,29). Пациенты с краем резекции более 1 см показывали тенденцию к увеличению ОВ и БРВ, однако статистически значимых различий между подгруппами не выявлено.</p> <p><bold>Заключение.</bold> Ширина края резекции не стала важным фактором ОВ и БРВ по данным многофакторного анализа Кокса (ОР=0,74 и 0,72 соответственно). Важным параметром ОВ оказались стадия BCLC B/C (ОР=2,14; 95% ДИ: 1,14–4,02; <italic>p</italic>=0,017) и микрососудистая инвазия (ОР=1,87; 95% ДИ: 1,02–3,44; <italic>p</italic>=0,044). У пациентов с краем ≥1 см ОВ улучшалась (медиана 29 против 19 мес.) и снижалась частота рецидивов (75,0 против 92,6%), что подтверждает онкологическую целесообразность стремления к широкому краю, особенно при наличии МВИ.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>hepatocellular carcinoma</kwd><kwd>resection margin width</kwd><kwd>recurrence</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>гепатоцеллюлярная карцинома</kwd><kwd>ширина края резекции</kwd><kwd>рецидив</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Zagorulko AI, Rykov SP, Kozlov DV. Modern concepts and approaches to the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma in the intermediate stage of BCLC B. International Journal of Interventional Cardioangiology. 2024;(1):49. doi: 10.24835/1727-818X-2024-Suppl EDN: STVRDG</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B2"><label>2.</label><mixed-citation>Siegel RL, Miller KD, Wagle NS, Jemal A. Cancer statistics, 2023. CA Cancer J Clin. 2023;73(1):17–48. doi: 10.3322/caac.21763 EDN: SUTYDV</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B3"><label>3.</label><mixed-citation>The state of cancer care in 2023 / edited by A.D. Kaprin, V.V. Starinsky, and A.O. Shakhzadova. Moscow: P.A. Herzen Moscow Research Institute of Oncology, a branch of the National Medical Research Radiological Centre, 2024. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B4"><label>4.</label><mixed-citation>Dou W, Guo C, Zhu L, et al. Targeted Near-Infrared Fluorescence Imaging Liver Cancer using Dual-Peptide-Functionalized Albumin Particles. Chem Biomed Imaging. 2023;2(1):47–55. doi: 10.1021/cbmi.3c00078 EDN: VEFOAL</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B5"><label>5.</label><mixed-citation>Reig M, Forner A, Rimola J, et al. BCLC strategy for prognosis prediction and treatment recommendation: The 2022 Update. J Hepatol. 2022;76(3):681–93. doi: 10.1016/j.jhep.2021.11.018 EDN: CPJPJT</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B6"><label>6.</label><mixed-citation>Vlasova NA, Apanasevich VI, Eliseeva EV, Startsev SS, Nevozhay VI. Evolution of approaches to the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma. Pacific Medical Journal. 2025;(2):24–32. doi: 10.34215/1609-1175-2025-2-24-32 EDN: TTRXQJ</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B7"><label>7.</label><mixed-citation>Yamakado K. The New Updated Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer Staging System: Roles of Trans-arterial Chemoembolization and Homework to Interventional Radiologists. Interv Radiol (Higashimatsuyama). 2023;11(6):1418–1423. doi: 10.22575/interventionalradiology.2022-0035</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B8"><label>8.</label><mixed-citation>Anastasopoulos NT, Lianos GD, Tatsi V, et al. Clinical heterogeneity in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease-associated hepatocellular carcinoma. Expert Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2020;14(11):1025–1033. doi: 10.1080/17474124.2020.1802244</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B9"><label>9.</label><mixed-citation>Yang P, Si A, Yang J, et al. A wide-margin liver resection improves long-term outcomes for patients with HBV-related hepatocellular carcinoma with microvascular invasion. Surgery. 2019;165(4):721–730. doi: 10.1016/j.surg.2018.09.016</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B10"><label>10.</label><mixed-citation>Michelakos T, Kontos F, Sekigami Y, et al. Hepatectomy for Solitary Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Resection Margin Width Does Not Predict Survival. Journal of Gastrointestinal Surgery. 2021;25(7):1727–1735. doi: 10.1007/s11605-020-04765-6 EDN: KUAYTY</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B11"><label>11.</label><mixed-citation>EASL Clinical Practice Guidelines: Management of hepatocellular carcinoma. J Hepatol. 2018;69(1):182–236. doi: 10.1016/j.jhep.2018.03.019.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B12"><label>12.</label><mixed-citation>Kobayashi N, Aramaki O, Midorikawa Y, et al. Impact of marginal resection for hepatocellular carcinoma. Surg Today. 2020;50:1471–1479. doi: 10.1007/s00595-020-02029-z EDN: XKETOZ</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B13"><label>13.</label><mixed-citation>Zhang H, Liu F, Wen N, et al. Patterns, timing, and predictors of recurrence after laparoscopic liver resection for hepatocellular carcinoma: results from a high-volume HPB center. Surg Endosc. 2022;36(2):1215–1223. doi: 10.1007/s00464-021-08390-5</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B14"><label>14.</label><mixed-citation>Wang H, Qian YW, Wu MC, Cong WM. Liver resection is justified in patients with BCLC intermediate stage hepatocellular carcinoma without microvascular invasion. J Gastrointest Surg. 2020;24(12):2737–2747. doi: 10.1007/s11605-019-04251-8 EDN: KEXAKY</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B15"><label>15.</label><mixed-citation>Endo Y, Munir MM, Woldesenbet S, et al. Impact of surgical margin width on prognosis following resection of hepatocellular carcinoma varies on the basis of preoperative alpha-feto protein and tumor burden score. Ann Surg Oncol. 2023;30(11):6581–6589. doi: 10.1245/s10434-023-13825-5 EDN: NHYAAG</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B16"><label>16.</label><mixed-citation>Cha SW, Sohn JH, Kim SH, et al. Interaction between the tumor microenvironment and resection margin in different gross types of hepatocellular carcinoma. Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology. 2020;(35):648–653. doi: 10.1111/jgh.14848</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B17"><label>17.</label><mixed-citation>Zhang ZH, Jiang C, Qiang ZY, et al. Role of microvascular invasion in early recurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma after liver resection: A literature review. Asian Journal of Surgery. 2024;47(5):2138–2143. doi: 10.1016/j.asjsur.2024.02.115 EDN: QRQGOG</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B18"><label>18.</label><mixed-citation>Chen ZH, Zhang XP, Feng JK, et al. Actual long-term survival in hepatocellular carcinoma patients with microvascular invasion: a multicenter study from China. Hepatol Int. 2021;15(3):642–650. doi: 10.1007/s12072-021-10174-x EDN: ABILUU</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B19"><label>19.</label><mixed-citation>Zhang XP, Xu S, Lin ZY, et al. Significance of anatomical resection and resection margin status in patients with HBV-related hepatocellular carcinoma and microvascular invasion: a multicenter propensity score-matched study. Int J Surg. 2023;109(4):679–688. doi: 10.1097/js9.0000000000000204 EDN: PKOXIP</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B20"><label>20.</label><mixed-citation>Liu J, Zhuang G, Bai S, et al. The comparison of surgical margins and type of hepatic resection for hepatocellular carcinoma with microvascular invasion. Oncol. 2023;28(11):e1043–e1051. doi: 10.1093/oncolo/oyad124 EDN: ALYUZD</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B21"><label>21.</label><mixed-citation>Wang K, Xiang Y, Yan J, et al. A deep learning model with incorporation of microvascular invasion area as a factor in predicting prognosis of hepatocellular carcinoma after R0 hepatectomy. Hepatol Int. 2022;16(5):1188–1198. doi: 10.1007/s12072-022-10393-w EDN: TPUDNN</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B22"><label>22.</label><mixed-citation>Xu XF, Diao YK, Zeng YY, et al. Association of severity in the grading of microvascular invasion with long-term oncological prognosis after liver resection for early-stage hepatocellular carcinoma: a multicenter retrospective cohort study from a hepatitis B virus-endemic area. Int J Surg. 2023;109(4):841–849. doi: 10.1097/js9.0000000000000325 EDN: NVHLGD</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B23"><label>23.</label><mixed-citation>Kang KJ, Ahn KS. Anatomical resection of hepatocellular carcinoma: A critical review of the procedure and its benefits on survival. World J. Gastroenterol. 2017;23:1139–1146. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v23.i7.1139</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B24"><label>24.</label><mixed-citation>Hasegawa K, Kokudo N, Imamura H., et al. Prognostic impact of anatomic resection for hepatocellular carcinoma. Ann. Surg. 2005;242(2):252–259. doi: 10.1097/01.sla.0000171307.37401.db</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B25"><label>25.</label><mixed-citation>Zhao H, Chen C, Gu S, et al. Anatomical versus non-anatomical resection for solitary hepatocellular carcinoma without macroscopic vascular invasion: A propensity score matching analysis. J Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 2017;32(4):870–878. doi: 10.1111/jgh.13603.26</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B26"><label>26.</label><mixed-citation>Vigano L, ProcopioF, Mimmo A, et al. Oncologic superiority of anatomic resection of hepatocellular carcinoma by ultrasound-guided compression of the portal tributaries compared with nonanatomic resection: An analysis of patients matched tumor characteristics and liver function. Surgery. 2018;164(5):1006–1013. doi: 10.1016/j.surg.2018.06.030</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B27"><label>27.</label><mixed-citation>Kaibori M, Kon M, Kitawaki, et al. Comparison of anatomic and non-anatomic hepatic resection for hepatocellular carcinoma. J. Hepatobiliary Pancreat. Sci. 2017;24(11):616–626. doi: 10.1002/jhbp.502</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B28"><label>28.</label><mixed-citation>Moris D, Tsilimigras DI, Kostakis ID, et al. Anatomic versus non-anatomic resection for hepatocellular carcinoma: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Surg Oncol. 2018;44(7):927–938. doi: 10.1016/j.ejso.2018.04.018</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B29"><label>29.</label><mixed-citation>Kaibori M, Yoshii, Hasegawa, et al. Treatment optimization for hepatocellular carcinoma in elderly patients in a Japanese nationwide cohort. Ann Surg. 2019;270(1):121–130. doi: 10.1097/SLA.0000000000002751</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B30"><label>30.</label><mixed-citation>Cong WM, Bu H, Chen J, et al. Practice guidelines for the pathological diagnosis of primary liver cancer: 2015 update. World J Gastroenterol. 2016;22(42):9279–9287. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v22.i42.9279</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B31"><label>31.</label><mixed-citation>Bai S, Hu L, Liu J, et al. Prognostic nomograms combined adjuvant lenvatinib for hepatitis B virus-related hepatocellular carcinoma with microvascular invasion after radical resection. Front Oncol. 2022;12:919824. doi: 10.3389/fonc.2022.91982432</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B32"><label>32.</label><mixed-citation>Cai J, Zhao D, Liu, et al. Efficacy and safety of central memory T cells combined with adjuvant therapy to prevent recurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma with microvascular invasion: a pilot study. Front Oncol. 2021;3:11:781029. doi: 10.3389/fonc.2021.78102933</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B33"><label>33.</label><mixed-citation>Lee JS, Choi HW, Kim JS, et al. Update on Resection Strategies for Hepatocellular Carcinoma: A Narrative Review. Cancers (Basel). 2024;16(23):4093. doi: 10.3390/cancers16234093</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B34"><label>34.</label><mixed-citation>Kinsey E, Lee HaM. Management of Hepatocellular Carcinoma in 2024: The Multidisciplinary Paradigm in an Evolving Treatment Landscape. Cancers (Basel). 2024;16(3):666. doi: 10.3390/cancers16030666</mixed-citation></ref></ref-list></back></article>
