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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Russian Journal of Oncology</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Russian Journal of Oncology</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Российский онкологический журнал</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">1028-9984</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2412-9119</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">706031</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17816/onco706031</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="edn">IQJVVY</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Reviews</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Научные обзоры</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Age-associated features of the tumor microenvironment, immunosenescence, and personalized treatment strategies: an analytical review of the current evidence base</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Особенности раковых опухолей у пожилых, снижение иммунной защиты и современные подходы к индивидуальному лечению</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6270-583X</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">4894-0744</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Enikeev</surname><given-names>Damir A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Еникеев</surname><given-names>Дамир Ахметович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Dr. Sci. (Medicine), Professor</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р мед. наук, профессор</p></bio><email>enikeeevvv@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0004-9857-5714</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Degtyaryova</surname><given-names>Ekaterina A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Дегтярева</surname><given-names>Екатерина Александровна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>katerine.kkk@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0009-8186-9261</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Gergaia</surname><given-names>Aleksandr T.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Гергаиа</surname><given-names>Александр Темуриевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>xortm2@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0002-9589-1506</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Dolnikova</surname><given-names>Maria V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Дольникова</surname><given-names>Мария Владиславовна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>super.mashad2003@ya.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0008-1324-4019</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Teterina</surname><given-names>Victoria A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Тетерина</surname><given-names>Виктория Андреевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>Polostina.viktoria@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0000-0120-3721</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Ismailov</surname><given-names>Aslan I.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Исмаилов</surname><given-names>Аслан Исламович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>aslan.ismailov.03@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0000-5919-6587</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Atoyan</surname><given-names>Maria A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Атоян</surname><given-names>Мария Александровна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>masha.atoyan@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0001-5077-6734</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Shevchenko</surname><given-names>Alina A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Шевченко</surname><given-names>Алина Андреевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>alinashevchenko.rostov@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0009-7398-9079</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Nerukh</surname><given-names>Angelina S.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Нерух</surname><given-names>Ангелина Сергеевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>Hydrossi79@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0009-1006-5864</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Sudakova</surname><given-names>Elizaveta A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Судакова</surname><given-names>Елизавета Андреевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>elizavetasudakova1@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0000-2879-4912</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Uskova</surname><given-names>Anastasia A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ускова</surname><given-names>Анастасия Алексеевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>Per.aspera.ad.astra222@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0003-0126-3312</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Mkrtchyan</surname><given-names>Anzhela R.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Мкртчян</surname><given-names>Анжела Рудольфовна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>anzhela.dzykonyan@bk.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Bashkir State Medical University, Ufa</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Башкирский государственный медицинский университет, Уфа</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Rostov State Medical University, Rostov-on-Don</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Ростовский государственный медицинский университет, Ростов-на-Дону</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff3"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Kuban State Medical University, Krasnodar</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Кубанский государственный медицинский университет, Краснодар</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="preprint" iso-8601-date="2026-05-05" publication-format="electronic"><day>05</day><month>05</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>31</volume><issue>1</issue><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2026-04-13"><day>13</day><month>04</month><year>2026</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2026-04-28"><day>28</day><month>04</month><year>2026</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; , Eco-Vector</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; , Эко-Вектор</copyright-statement><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Эко-Вектор</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" start_date="2029-05-03"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://eco-vector.com/for_authors.php#07</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://rjonco.com/1028-9984/article/view/706031">https://rjonco.com/1028-9984/article/view/706031</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Malignant neoplasms in older adults account for a substantial proportion of cancer cases worldwide, yet this population remains underrepresented in randomized clinical trials. The biological basis for this gap lies in age-associated remodeling of the immune system; however, its integrated molecular and clinical implications in oncology have long remained insufficiently characterized. This review summarizes current evidence on the molecular and cellular mechanisms of immunosenescence, inflammaging, and their impact on the tumor microenvironment. Literature was searched in PubMed/MEDLINE, ScienceDirect, Google Scholar, eLIBRARY.ru, and CyberLeninka for the period from 2020 to 2026; 82 sources were included in the final analysis. Available data suggest that immunosenescence and chronic low-grade inflammation contribute to the development of a stable immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment. These changes appear to vary across tumor types, including papillary thyroid cancer, glioblastoma, breast cancer, and gastrointestinal malignancies. Meta-analytic data indicate broadly comparable efficacy of immune checkpoint inhibitors in older and younger patients across most tumor types; however, age-related T-cell repertoire contraction, a higher risk of immune-related adverse events, and limited subgroup data restrict the generalizability of these findings.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Злокачественные новообразования (ЗНО) у лиц пожилого и старческого возраста составляют большинство онкологических случаев в мире, однако исследования лиц этого возраста по-прежнему недостаточно освещена в рандомизированных клинических исследованиях. Основная причина — закономерная перестройка иммунной системы, но её системный молекулярно-клинический анализ долгое время оставался фрагментарным по отношению к онкологии пожилых. В настоящем обзоре проанализированы современные данные о молекулярно-клеточных механизмах иммуносенесценции, воспалительного старения и как это влияет на развитие опухоли. Поиск осуществлялся в шести базах данных (PubMed/MEDLINE, ScienceDirect, Google Scholar, eLIBRARY.ru, КиберЛенинка) за период 2020–2026 гг.; в окончательный анализ включены 82 источника. Имеющиеся данные показывают, что старение и хроническое вялотекущее воспаление помогают создать внутри опухоли условия, которые мешают иммунной системе бороться с раком. Это связано с уменьшением количества разнообразия Т-клеточного репертуара, накоплением SASP-секретирующих сенесцентных клеток, поддерживающих воспаление низкой интенсивности, и смещением поляризации макрофагов к М2-фенотипу.. Нозологический анализ выявил, что эти изменения по-разному проявляются в разных видах рака таких, как папиллярный рак щитовидной железы, глиобластома, рака молочной железы и опухоли желудочно-кишечного тракта. Поэтому важно учитывать особенности конкретного типа рака при лечении пожилых. Также по данным исследований, лекарства, направленные на усиление иммунного ответа работают притмерно одинаково у молодых и пожилых при большинстве видов рака. Но у пожилых есть риск побочных эффектов и ограниченные данные по некоторым группам пациентов, что затрудняет однозначность выводов.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>immunosenescence</kwd><kwd>tumor microenvironment</kwd><kwd>age-associated changes</kwd><kwd>personalized therapy</kwd><kwd>immune senescence</kwd><kwd>tumor immunology</kwd><kwd>antitumor immunity.</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>иммуносенесценция</kwd><kwd>микроокружение опухоли</kwd><kwd>возраст-ассоциированные изменения</kwd><kwd>персонализированная терапия</kwd><kwd>иммунное старение</kwd><kwd>опухолевая иммунология</kwd><kwd>противоопухолевый иммунитет.</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Chatsirisupachai K, Lagger C, Magalhães JP de. 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