Vol 19, No 5 (2014)

Despite the rapid technological development, standard photon radiotherapy still brings a number of issues. Main problems are: 1. lack of effectiveness for a number of indications; partly due to the inability to safely deliver the effective dose to the tumors; 2. late and very late side effects of treatment caused by the unwanted dose delivered to the surrounding healthy tissue. The aim of the new methods in radiotherapy is to maximally reduce the dose to healthy tissue and to deliver the dose to the tumors as accurately as possible. Proton therapy comes closest to this goal from the all available methods. The principle ofproton radiotherapy is use of accelerated hydrogen particles - protons, which are directed to the tumors. Due to the interaction of protons with the tissue, majority of the energy is deposed at a certain depth in tissue, in the so-called Bragg peak of absorption. The dose of radiation is very precisely delineated and there is no extra dose behind the tumors it. High-precise proton therapy requires a high-end technology within the whole radiotherapy chain. Tumor has to be examined and defined using combination of CT, MRI and PET. Reproducibility of the patient position requires special fixation devices. Each individual fraction of radiation must be done with image - guidance (IGRT) technology. The benefit of protons is minimizing the dose delivery to the healthy tissue. This applies for organs near the tumors and also for integral dose of organism. Therefore; proton therapy is most appropriate in situations where we expect a significant chance of curability in patient with expected long-term survival and high risk of side effects. Typical cases for proton radiotherapy are children with a malignant disease or brain tumors (meningioma, low-grade glioma) in young cancer patients. The second group of indications is cancers that are not curable with photon radiotherapy due to their location or low sensitivity to radiation. This group includes for example cancer of the pancreas or retroperitoneal sarcoma. Treatment results for various diagnoses will be presented. Proton radiotherapy is a new option in treatment of malignant tumors that pushes the limits of radiation oncology forward, onto a higher level.

Detection calcificats in the spherical formations of lungs (SFL) by means of a multispiral computed tomography only confirms high sensitivity of this method to gradation of tissue density, but doesn’t increase differential opportunities. Their wrong interpretation as benign can entail inopportuneness of recognition and treatment. The radiological differential diagnostics of SFL based on the topological analysis of destruction cavities containing in them, allowing to specify a phase ofpathological process development, has a set of exceptions, signs aren’t constant and specific and therefore has no great diagnostic value. For the purpose of a comparative assessment of newly developed method of selective densitometry diagnostic opportunities at primary cancer, pneumonia and the infiltrative tuberculosis containing calcificats and/or cavities, 328 patients with SFL aged from 2 till 87 years are surveyed. In 131(39,9%) patients calcificats were visualized in SFL. In 77(23,7%) patients destruction cavities were visualized in SFL. Selective densitometry of SFL not containing and containing calcificats is carried out. Calcificats, containing in SFL, occur more often in infiltrative tuberculosis, than at primary cancer and pneumonia (p < 0,001) authentically more often. Again developed way of selective densitometry allows to carry out differential diagnostics of SFL, which aren t containing inclusions in a look calcificats (p < 0,001). Calcificats, containing in SFL, have specific (from densitometry positions) no criteria and their assessment doesn’t allow to carry out differential (p > 0,5). Inclusion containing in SFL calcificats and pathological process doesn’t allow to carry out differential diagnostics ofprimary cancer, pneumonia and infiltrative tuberculosis to the analysis (p > 0,5). The exception of the densitometrical analysis containing in SFL calcificats allows to carry out differential diagnostics of primary cancer, pneumonia and infiltrative tuberculosis (p < 0,001). At primary cancer of a lung statistically significant prevalence of cavities of destruction in comparison with pneumonia and infiltrative tuberculosis (p < 0,05) is defined. Destruction cavities, as a rule, settle down excentricly and have the wrong roundish form. Inclusion doesn’t allow to carry out differential diagnostics of primary cancer, pneumonia and infiltrative tuberculosis to the densitometrical analysis of sites of destruction containing in SFL (p > 0,5). The exception of the densitometrical analysis of sites of destruction containing in SFL allows to carry out differential diagnostics of primary cancer, pneumonia and infiltrative tuberculosis (p < 0,002; p < 0,001). Sensitivity at division of primary cancer - infiltrative tuberculosis made 91,1%, specificity - 88,6%, accuracy - 90,2%. Sensitivity at division of primary cancer - pneumonia made 90,4%, specificity - 74,5%, accuracy - 84,2%. Sensitivity at division of infiltrative tuberculosis - pneumonia made 79,5%, specificity - 80,8%, accuracy - 80,2%

For the first time detected prostate cancer in men up to the age of 60 years was identified in 638 patients, accounting for 9.4 percent of all patients with newly diagnosed metastatic prostate cancer before the age of 60 years. prostate cancer first identified before the age of 60 years, 20% of males has a metastatic nature. more than 73% of the patients are aged 54-59 years The localization of metastasis in men with newly diagnosed metastatic prostate cancer before the age of 60 years are the bones of the skeleton, more than 80% lesion is localized in the bones of the pelvis and lumbar spine.

Prediction of ovarian cancer (EOC) is dependent on a number of clinical, morphological, immunological and molecular biological factors. Thanks to the research findings indicate that Ki-67 is characterized by the most aggressive forms of ovarian cancer - ovarian serous cystadenocarcinoma, and that with a high index of Ki-67 in tumor tissue paired unfavorable prognosis even stage I and II disease, Ki-67 protein can be considered as an adverse molecular prognostic factors of ovarian cancer early stages.

The results of mammographic screening in 30 240 women over 40 years were studied. Detectability of early (palpable) cancers was 0.24% (excluding carcinoma in situ), treatment of whom allowed to reduce mortality after 5-7 years from the start of screening from breast cancer to 11.6per 100 000female population. However, the MS detects a wide range of node and diffuse dishormonal breast disease (60.1% of surveyed), most of which indicate premorbid-morbid diseases of the uterus and appendages (from 79.7% to 97.6%) . We show that this category of women, as well as patients with diabetes who are on the books at the endocrinologist, need examination and treatment by a gynecologist and purposeful (opportunistic) mammography screening.