Том 9, № 1 (2024)

Abstract:Water is the most critical component of the earth's ecosystem because it is fundamental to the survival of plants and animals. However, our water supply is continuously polluting. Removing contaminants from water is a crucial part of addressing water scarcity and maintaining a healthy ecosystem for all. This review focuses on adsorption and the CNTs/AC family nano adsorbents and their contribution to the removal of fluoride and other contaminants. Many types of wastewater treatment methods have been employed, including precipitation, ion-exchange, adsorption, membrane filtration, etc. A water technology with great efficiency and low cost, without requiring costly infrastructure, is the most preferred option due to adsorption. Recently, the application of carbon family nanomaterials as adsorbents has been prevalent due to their phenomenal surface properties, simple customization, immense specific surface area, numerous variations in structural type, chemical stability, porosity, low density, ease of regeneration, and the ability to be reused. Hazardous contaminants, such as fluoride, generate major public health risks. Water contamination by heavy metals provides a significant health concern, including an increased chance of getting diseases like cancer, anaemia, carcinogenic effects, and acute effects in children. The increased presence of fluoride in water could cause fluorosis, joint pain, severe anaemia, and other problems. The following review focuses on current findings regarding the utilisation of CNTs and AC nanoparticles in the elimination of harmful contaminants and fluoride.

Background:Despite exhibiting anti-inflammatory, antiseptic, and anti-cancer properties, curcumin is not exhibiting the same efficacy as that other non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents and anti-cancer drugs. The main reason is its poor solubility and poor permeability. To improve the solubility the particle size has to be reduced to the nano level and to improve the permeability vesicular drug delivery approaches have to be adapted. By developing invasomal and ethosomal gels the bioavailability of curcumin can be enhanced.

Aim and Objective:The main aim of the study is to develop Invasomal and Ethosomal drug delivery systems for curcumin by various techniques.

Methods:Curcumin loaded invasomes were prepared by using a thin film hydration method. Six formulations were prepared by varying drug to lipid ratios (INV1 to INV6). Soya lecithin was used as a phospholipid, span60 was used as a surfactant, limonene was used as terpene, ethanol and chloroform were used as solvents. Curcumin-loaded ethosomes were prepared by using a hot method. Five formulations were prepared by increasing lipid concentration (E1 to E5). Soya lecithin as lipid, propylene glycol, and ethanol as solvent. The prepared formulations were evaluated for particle size, zeta potential, drug content, entrapment efficiency. and in vitro drug release studies.

Results:Among all the formulations of Invasomes, INV3 formulation containing a 1:5 ratio of the drug (40 mg) to lipid (200 mg) was considered as best formulation because of its particle size of 327. A total of 1nm, zeta potential of -32.6 mV, highest drug content of 97.5%, entrapment efficiency of 96%, and in vitro drug release of 95% in a time period of 12 hrs. Among all the formulations of ethosomes, the E3 formulation was considered as best formulation due to its particle size of 697.5 nm, zeta potential of - 28.0 Mv, highest drug content of 97.3%, entrapment efficiency of 90%, and in vitro drug release of 94.6% in a time period of 12 hrs.

Conclusion:The best invasomal and ethosomal formulations were incorporated into gel and evaluated for pH, viscosity, Spreadability, drug content, in vitro drug release studies, and ex vivo studies. INV3 and E3 were incorporated into gel and comparative studies were made with plain gel. Among the three gels (PG, INV3G, E3G), invasomal gel (INV3) exhibited the highest content drug content of 81%, pH of 6.6, spreadability 14.8g cm/sec, in vitro drug release of 90.6%, ,and ex vivo drug release of 97% in a time period of 12 hrs with the release rate of 32.53 microgram/cm2/hr-1/2, the flux of 0.346 μg/cm2/hr and permeation coefficient of 42.71 cm/hr.