卷 30, 编号 2 (2025)

BACKGROUND: The vermilion border of the lips is exposed to external and internal factors that can induce inflammation. Tissue damage initiates a cascade of molecular processes that, under unfavorable conditions, may trigger oncogenesis.

AIM: The work aimed to assess morphological changes of the lip mucosa in chronic cheilitis.

METHODS: A retrospective morphological study was conducted on biopsy specimens of the lip mucosa from 46 patients aged 34 to 72 years (19 women and 27 men; mean age, 63.0 years) with chronic cheilitis: without epithelial dysplasia (n = 24) and with low- and high-grade dysplastic changes (n = 22). The following parameters were evaluated: epithelial layer alterations, severity of hyperplasia, cellular composition, degree of epithelial cell maturation, karyopyknotic index, characteristics of the inflammatory infiltrate, and vascularization of the lamina propria. Microscopic examination was performed with an Olympus CX-41 light microscope (Olympus, Japan) equipped with a digital camera. Using VideoTest-Morphology 5.2 software, 10 microscopic fields (objective, 40 mm; eyepiece, 10 mm) were analyzed for each specimen: vessel diameter, number, numerical density, and the ratio of stromal to angiomatous components were measured and recalculated per 1 μm² of area. Data were statistically processed with SPSS Statistics, version 22.0.

RESULTS: Elderly men predominated in both groups. A comparative analysis was performed of changes in the stratified squamous epithelium, inflammatory response, and vascularization of the lamina propria of the mucosa. In group B, the number of vessels per unit area was significantly higher than in group A. Microscopic features of reactive changes in the epithelium and lamina propria of the vermilion border were identified, predisposing to malignant transformation. In chronic cheilitis with epithelial dysplasia, an uneven arrangement of vascular loops was observed, with alternating areas of hypovascularized stroma and foci of increased vascularization of the lamina propria due to accumulation of small capillaries, which may serve as a morphological marker of poor prognosis.

CONCLUSION: In the differential diagnosis of lip diseases, pathologists, in addition to describing features of dysplasia of the stratified squamous epithelium, should note the character and severity of microcirculatory changes and inflammatory infiltration in the mucosa, while clinicians should take into account morphological data when choosing treatment strategies for patients.

BACKGROUND: Endometrial cancer is the most common malignancy of the female reproductive system, typically diagnosed at an early stage. Currently, one of the most widely used methods for sentinel lymph node mapping and biopsy in stage I endometrial cancer is indocyanine green (ICG) mapping followed by ultrastaging.

AIM: The work aimed to evaluate the feasibility and optimal approach to ultrastaging of sentinel lymph nodes after ICG mapping across different risk groups for lymphatic metastasis in stage I endometrial cancer.

METHODS: A cohort study included 286 patients with confirmed stage cT1a–T1bN0M0 endometrial cancer treated at the Department of Oncogynecology No. 70, Moscow S.P. Botkin Multidisciplinary Clinical and Research Center, and at the Kaluga Regional Clinical Oncological Dispensary between 2023 and 2024. All patients underwent sentinel lymph nodes biopsy with ICG mapping using indocyanine green, followed by ultrastaging.

RESULTS: Bilateral sentinel lymph nodes detection rate was 70.9%. The incidence of N1 disease was 3.6% in the low-risk group, 12.8% in the intermediate-risk group, and 21.3% in the high-risk group. There was a trend toward increasing proportions of macrometastases as the risk increased from low to high. Metastatic involvement identified solely by immunohistochemistry accounted for 28.3%.

CONCLUSION: Sentinel lymph nodes biopsy is feasible across all risk groups for lymphatic metastasis except in patients at high risk, who, according to the 2023 FIGO endometrial cancer classification, would be assigned to stage II disease. In this cohort, complete lymphadenectomy is recommended.

BACKGROUND: Basal cell carcinoma (BCC) is the most common malignant neoplasm in humans. The cause of local recurrence after radical treatment remains unknown.

AIM: The work aimed to identify prognostically significant factors for the development of recurrent basal cell carcinoma of the skin.

METHODS: Study involved 100 patients. We analyzed clinicopathological data from 100 cases of BCC, including 50 cases of newly diagnosed basal cell carcinoma of the scalp and 50 cases with recurrent disease. The recurrence of basal cell carcinoma of the scalp and a primary skin tumor were investigated by histological examination. For this work we used the material obtained after treatment of patients.

RESULTS: The incidence of BCC recurrence on the nose was four times higher compared to other localizations. Recurrence on the nasal skin occurred in 21 cases; in 29 patients, recurrence was observed when BCC was localized on the skin of the scalp (n = 3), auricle (n = 3), frontal (n = 4), periorbital (n = 8), temporal (n = 2), buccal (n = 7), zygomatic (n = 1), and lip areas (n = 1). Recurrence of BCC in the frontal area was detected 24 months after treatment; with a tumor infiltration depth of 15.1–20 mm, recurrence occurred at 36 months; in the multicentric variant of BCC, recurrence was noted at 24 months postoperatively.

CONCLUSION: Diagnostic criteria for BCC recurrence may include localization on the nasal skin, multicentric BCC, BCC originating from skin adnexa, and an infiltration depth of 15.1–20 mm.

The steady increase in cancer incidence, leading to high mortality and disability rates among the working-age population, underscores the importance of developing innovative therapeutic approaches. One promising strategy is magnetically guided microsurgery of individual tumor cells using functionalized magnetic nanostructures. Among different types of magnetic particles, nanodiscs demonstrate the greatest potential owing to their unique magnetic properties. Their capacity for modification with targeting molecules allows the development of highly specific systems for selective action on tumor cells. This review assesses the prospects of applying functionalized magnetic nanodiscs (referred to as a smart nanoscalpel) for the selective destruction of malignant cells. Materials and methods included a systematic analysis of scientific publications from 2022 to 2025 in PubMed using the keywords magnetic nanodiscs, malignant neoplasms, and magnetic nanoparticles. Particular attention is given to the mechanisms by which nanodiscs, under the influence of an alternating magnetic field, can selectively destroy tumor cells whereas preserving the viability of surrounding healthy cells. The analysis highlights the considerable potential of targeted magnetic nanodiscs as a promising adjuvant tool for the selective elimination of residual tumor cells in the postoperative period, as well as for the treatment of disseminated metastatic foci. However, translation of the magnetomechanical approach from experimental research into clinical practice requires comprehensive preclinical studies, including optimization of the physicochemical parameters of nanodiscs, thorough evaluation of efficacy and safety, and the development of standardized application protocols.

оne of the methods of surgical treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is local destruction (energy ablation) of the tumor, which is performed on patients with HCC in stage BCLC 0 (solitary tumor up to 2 cm in diameter), in stage BCLC A (three tumors up to 3 cm in diameter) when surgical treatment (liver resection or liver transplantation) is impossible.